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International Debt Is Strangling Developing Nations Vulnerable to Climate Change, a New Report Shows

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Tuesday, April 16, 2024

Many small island nations which contributed little to climate change now must borrow money to rebuild after climate-induced storms. The debt service they’re carrying hinders their ability to invest in new adaptive infrastructure before the next storms hit.By Katie SurmaSmall island developing countries are increasingly becoming locked into a cycle of environmental disasters and compounding debt burdens, making them less capable of investing in climate resilient infrastructure and providing basic public services, according to a new report scheduled for partial release on Wednesday.  

Small island developing countries are increasingly becoming locked into a cycle of environmental disasters and compounding debt burdens, making them less capable of investing in climate resilient infrastructure and providing basic public services, according to a new report scheduled for partial release on Wednesday.   Coinciding with this week’s World Bank and International Monetary Fund meetings, […]

Many small island nations which contributed little to climate change now must borrow money to rebuild after climate-induced storms. The debt service they’re carrying hinders their ability to invest in new adaptive infrastructure before the next storms hit.

By Katie Surma

Small island developing countries are increasingly becoming locked into a cycle of environmental disasters and compounding debt burdens, making them less capable of investing in climate resilient infrastructure and providing basic public services, according to a new report scheduled for partial release on Wednesday.  

Read the full story here.
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Darwin Revisited: Modern Data Sheds Light on Ancient Evolutionary Theories

Ever since Darwin introduced his groundbreaking theory of evolution, biologists have been captivated by the complex processes that enable species to evolve. Can mechanisms responsible...

Researchers have demonstrated that the capacity for rapid adaptation within a few generations, known as evolvability, can also explain species divergence over millions of years. By analyzing extensive datasets from current species and fossils, they found that traits with high evolvability show more divergence over time, influenced by environmental fluctuations, which plays a crucial role in shaping evolutionary outcomes.Ever since Darwin introduced his groundbreaking theory of evolution, biologists have been captivated by the complex processes that enable species to evolve.Can mechanisms responsible for the evolution of a species over a few generations, called microevolution, also explain how species evolve over periods of time extending to thousands or millions of generations, also called macroevolution?A new paper, just published in Science, shows that the ability of populations to evolve and adapt over a few generations, called evolvability, effectively helps us understand how evolution works on much longer timescales. By compiling and analyzing huge datasets from existing species as well as from fossils, the researchers were able to show that the evolvability responsible for microevolution of many different traits predicts the amount of change observed between populations and species separated by up to one million years.“Darwin suggested that species gradually evolve, but what we found is that even though populations rapidly evolve over the short term, this (short-term) evolution doesn’t accumulate over time. However, how divergent populations and species are, on average, over long periods of time still depends on their ability to evolve in the short term,” said Christophe Pélabon, a professor at NTNU’s Department of Biology and senior author of the paper.Big datasets from living creatures and fossilsThe ability to respond to selection and to adapt, the evolvability, depends on the amount of heritable (genetic) variation. The researchers conducted their analysis by first compiling a massive dataset with measures of evolvability for living populations and species from publicly available information. They then plotted evolvability against population and species divergence for different traits such as beak size, number of offspring, flower size and more.They also examined information from 150 different lineages of fossils, where other researchers had measured differences in morphological traits in the fossils over time periods as short as 10 years and as long as 7.6 million years.Darwin noted how different finches from the Galapagos Islands developed different kinds of beaks, based on the food that they specialized in eating. Later studies showed how rapid fluctuations in seed size over time led to rapid fluctuations in beak size, just as suggested by the new study, published in Science. This illustration is from Darwin, 1845. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. 2d edition. Credit: John GouldWhat they saw was that traits with higher evolvability were more divergent among existing populations and species, and that traits with higher evolvability were more likely to be different from each other between two consecutive fossil samples.Conversely, traits with little evolvability or little variability didn’t change very much between populations or between successive fossil samplesEnvironmental fluctuation is the keyTraits with higher evolvability change rapidly because they are able to respond to environmental changes more quickly, Pélabon said.The environment – things such as temperature, the type of food available, or any other characteristic important for the survival and the reproduction of the individual – is the driving force of evolutionary changes because populations try to adapt to their own environment. Typically, environments are changing from year-to-year or decades-to-decades, fluctuating around stable means. This generates fluctuation in the direction of selection.Highly evolvable traits can rapidly respond to these fluctuations in selection and will fluctuate over time with high amplitude. Traits with little evolvability will also fluctuate but more slowly and thus with lower amplitude.“Populations, or species, that are geographically distant from each other are exposed to environments whose fluctuations are not synchronized. Consequently, these populations will have different trait values, and the size of this difference will depend on the amplitude of the trait’s fluctuation, and therefore on the evolvability of the trait,” Pélabon said.Consequences for biodiversityThe researchers’ results suggest that selection and therefore the environment has been relatively stable in the past. With climate change, things are rapidly changing, and mostly in one direction. This may strongly affect patterns of selection and how species can adapt to environments that are still fluctuating but around optima that are no longer stable even over periods of time of a few decades.“How much species will be able to track these optima and adapt is uncertain, but most likely this will have consequences for biodiversity, even on a short timescale,” he said.Reference: “Evolvability predicts macroevolution under fluctuating selection” by Agnes Holstad, Kjetil L. Voje, Øystein H. Opedal, Geir H. Bolstad, Salomé Bourg, Thomas F. Hansen and Christophe Pélabon, 9 May 2024, Science.DOI: 10.1126/science.adi8722

Top scientists urge action against faeces in rivers

A team of Royal Academy of Engineering scientists say the risk from human faeces is increasing.

Top scientists urge action against faeces in riversJust nowEsme Stallard,Climate and science reporter, BBC NewsBBCHuman faeces in our rivers is putting the public in danger and the risk will increase without action, the UK's top engineers and scientists have warned in a report.The report led by the Royal Society of Engineering called for an upgrade of the UK's sewage system and more widespread testing of the country's waterways.Prof Chris Whitty - the UK's chief medical officer - said it was a "public health priority as well as an environmental one".The government said the largest infrastructure programme in water company history was currently taking place.Despite improvements in the UK's water quality, raw sewage overflowing into rivers and seas is a persistent problem. Last year on average there were 1,271 spills a day in England - a doubling on the previous year. Less than a week ago, thousands of residents in Devon had to resort to drinking bottled water after their supply was polluted with the parasite Cryptosporidium apparently because of a faulty valve in Southwest Water's network. Professor Barbara Evans, chair of public health engineering at the University of Leeds and one of the study's co-authors, told the BBC: "One of the most dangerous things in our lives is human faecal waste."She said: "We now know that more of [this waste] is going back into the environment. And we know that more people want to use bathing waters."So we have to say that there's an increased risk of an outbreak of infectious faecal oral disease."Consumption of water contaminated with human faeces exposes people to bacteria such as salmonella and E.coli which cause diarrhoea and vomiting or viruses like hepatitis A which can lead to liver infection.PAThe report said testing was more important than ever as more people took part in leisure activities in the UK's seas and riversMelissa Compton, 44, a nurse from Shrewsbury, regularly swims in the sea near her home in Anglesey and in the River Severn.She told the BBC it was really important for the public to be able to swim and enjoy the UK's rivers."I love it - it's a freedom that I get. Kids play in the river, people fish, and the wildlife really depends on it. It's part of life."But she knows the risks of contact with sewage pollution after being brought to hospital whilst taking part in a 220-mile charity swim in the River Severn."What I was swimming through was just awful, sickly, slightly grey in colour and it just stank."She now uses the Surfers against Sewage maps to know when sewage has been released.Melissa ComptonMelissa Compton had hospital treatment after "swallowing raw sewage" whilst swimming the length of the River SevernThe report recommends that any data from more regular testing of the rivers should be made available to the public so they can keep themselves safe. Currently this is only undertaken regularly by the Environment Agency at designated bathing water sites.The government announced last week that England will get 12 more official bathing sites along rivers taking the total to 15.And a spokesperson for the water company trade association Water UK said: "Water companies have a plan with proposals to double the current level of spending between now and 2030 "with bathing areas heavily prioritised for investment".The report puts forward 15 recommendations including to:Improve maintenance of the existing sewage networkReturn to collecting widespread data on faecal bacteriaReview the current regulations on bathing waterDevelop a long-term strategy for better designing cities to reduce floodingCharles Watson, chair of River Action UK, said it was a "brilliant piece of work, produced by some of the most authoritative people in the medical and engineering professions".He particularly welcomed their call to expand testing for bacteria and viruses from faeces. When asked what could be the impact of not implementing these recommendations he said: "someone will die."The scientists said upgrading infrastructure such as the Thames Tideway Tunnel project is just one part of the solutionThe authors were keen to stress that the government should not just focus on improving infrastructure - which would reduce the short-term health risk - but a longer-term vision for how the UK's cities are designed.Since 1950 the UK's population has grown by a third and cities and towns have continued to expand, paving over natural landscapes. This has increased the volume of water running off into the sewage system - increasing the pressure on the old infrastructure.Prof David Butler, chair of the National Engineering Policy Centre working group on wastewater, explained that the system would become only more strained."Growing urbanisation and forecasts for more frequent and intense rainfall events due to climate change will mean increasing pressure is put on our ageing wastewater system," he said.The experts recommended increasing rainwater collection, expanding natural environments like wetlands and installing smart water meters. These would all help to reduce the amount of water and sewage going into the network.In May the government announced it was awarding £11.5m to local projects to increase tree planting and restoring habitats like the Limestone Becks, which would help absorb excess rainfall and run off. Additional reporting by Maddie Molloy

Eleven from MIT awarded 2024 Fulbright fellowships

The Fulbright US Student Program funds research, study, and teaching opportunities abroad.

Eleven MIT undergraduates, graduate students, and alumni have won Fulbright grants to embark on projects overseas in the 2024-25 grant cycle. Two other students were offered awards but declined them to pursue other opportunities.Funded by the U.S. Department of State, the Fulbright U.S. Student Program offers year-long opportunities for American citizen students and recent alumni to conduct independent research, pursue graduate studies, or teach English in over 140 countries.MIT has been a Fulbright Top-Producing Institution for five years in a row. MIT students and alumni interested in applying to the Fulbright U.S. Student Program should contact Julia Mongo, MIT Fulbright program advisor, in the Office of Distinguished Fellowships in Career Advising and Professional Development.April Cheng is a junior studying physics with a minor in mathematics and is fast-tracked to graduate this spring. They will take their Fulbright research grant to the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics in Potsdam, Germany, where they will study different statistical techniques to infer the expansion rate of the universe from gravitational waves. They first developed an interest in gravitational waves and black holes at the MIT LIGO and Caltech LIGO labs, but their research spans a wide range of topics in astrophysics, including cosmology and fast radio bursts. Cheng is passionate about physics education and is heavily involved in developing educational materials for high school Science Olympiads. At MIT, they are a member of the Physics Values Committee, the physics mentorship program, and the MIT Lion Dance team. After Fulbright, Cheng will pursue a PhD in astrophysics at Princeton University, where they have received the President’s Fellowship.Grace McMillan is a senior majoring in literature and mechanical engineering with a concentration in Russian language. As a Fulbright English Teaching Assistant Award recipient, she will teach at a university in Kazakhstan. McMillan’s interest in Central Asia was sparked by a Russian language immersion program she participated in during her sophomore summer in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, funded by MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI). She is excited to help her students learn English to foster integration into the global academic community. During her time at MIT, McMillan has conducted research with faculty in nuclear science; earth, atmospheric, and planetary sciences; and the Digital Humanities Lab. Outside of academics, she has been an active member of her sorority, Sigma Kappa, and has served on the MIT Health Consumers’ Advisory Council for two years. After Fulbright, McMillan hopes to attend law school, focusing on education reform.Ryan McTigue will graduate this spring with a BS in physics and mathematics and a concentration in Spanish. With a Fulbright award to Spain, he will do research at the University of Valencia’s Institute of Molecular Science focusing on the physics of two-dimensional multiferroic nanodevices. He is looking forward to improving his Spanish and getting the opportunity to live abroad. At MIT, McTigue became interested in condensed matter physics research with the Checkelsky group, where he focused on engineering materials with flat bands that exhibited correlated electron effects. Outside of research, McTigue has been a mentor in the physics department’s mentoring program and a member of the heavyweight men’s crew team. After his Fulbright grant, McTigue will begin a PhD in physics at Princeton University.Keith Murray ’22 graduated from MIT with a BS in computation and cognition and linguistics and philosophy. He will receive his MEng degree in computation and cognition this spring. As a Fulbright Hungary research grantee at the HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Murray will design generative AI models inspired by the primary visual cortex with the goal of making AI models more interpretable. At MIT, Murray’s research experiences spanned from training mice to perform navigation tasks in virtual reality to theorizing about how neurons might compute modular arithmetic. He was also a member of the men’s heavyweight crew team and the Phi Delta Theta fraternity. After Fulbright, Murray will pursue a PhD in neuroscience at Princeton University.Maaya Prasad ’22 completed her undergraduate education at MIT with degrees in both electrical engineering and creative writing and will graduate this month with an MS in mechanical and ocean engineering. Her thesis research focuses on microplastic detection using optical sensing. Prasad’s Fulbright fellowship will take her to Mauritius, an East African island country located in the Indian Ocean. Here, she will continue her master’s research at the University of Mauritius and will work with local researchers to implement a microplastic survey system. While at MIT, Prasad joined the varsity sailing team with no prior experience. Her time spent on the water led her to pursue marine research at MIT Sea Grant, and she eventually earned an honorable mention to the 2023 All-American Sailing Team. After Fulbright, Prasad hopes to pursue a PhD in applied ocean engineering.Anusha Puri is a senior majoring in biological engineering. Her Fulbright award will take her to Lausanne, Switzerland, where she will conduct cancer immunology research at the Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research. At MIT, Puri’s work in the Weinberg Lab focused on understanding mechanisms that drive resistance of breast cancer to immunotherapy. On campus, she founded and serves as president of MIT’s premiere stand-up comedy group, Stand-Up CoMITy, leads MIT’s Bhangra dance team, and is the editor-in-chief of the MIT Undergraduate Research Journal. She looks forward to engaging with teaching outreach and practicing her French in Switzerland. After her Fulbright grant, she plans to pursue a PhD in biomedical science.Olivia Rosenstein will graduate this spring with a BS in physics and a minor in French. Her Fulbright will take her to ENS Paris-Saclay in Palaiseau, France, where she’ll deepen her education in atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) physics. At MIT, Rosenstein has worked in Professor Mark Vogelsberger’s group researching models of galaxy formation and the early universe, and in Professor Richard Fletcher’s group on an erbium-lithium experiment to investigate quantum many-body dynamics in a degenerate mixture. In France, she will expand on the skills she developed in Fletcher’s lab by contributing to a project using optical tweezer arrays to study dipolar interactions. After Fulbright, Rosenstein plans to return to the United States to pursue a PhD in experimental AMO at Caltech.Jennifer Schug will receive this spring an MEng degree in the Climate, Environment, and Sustainability track within the MIT Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. During her Fulbright year in Italy, she will conduct research on carbon storage in the Venice lagoon at the University of Padua. Schug is excited to build upon her research with the Terrer Lab at MIT, where she is currently investigating the effectiveness of forestation as a carbon sequestration strategy. She also looks forward to improving her Italian language skills and learning about Italian history and culture. Before beginning Fulbright this fall, Schug will study ecological preservation in Sicily this summer through an MIT-Italy collaboration with the University of Catania. After Fulbright, she hopes to continue researching nature-based solutions as climate change mitigation strategies.Vaibhavi Shah ’21 earned a BS in biological engineering and in science, technology, and society at MIT, where she was named a Goldwater Scholar. She is now a medical student at Stanford University. As a Fulbright-Fogarty Fellow in Public Health, Shah will use both her computational and humanities backgrounds to investigate sociocultural factors underlying traumatic surgical injuries in Nepal. While at MIT, she was on the executive board of GlobeMed and the Society of Women Engineers, and she hopes to use those experiences to amplify diverse voices in medicine while on her journey to becoming a neurosurgeon-scientist. After Fulbright, Shah will complete her final year of medical school.Charvi Sharma is a senior studying computer science and molecular biology with a minor in theater arts. As a Fulbright English teaching assistant in Spain, she is excited to engage in cross-cultural exchange while furthering her skills as a teacher and as a leader. In addition to teaching, Sharma looks forward to immersing herself in the country’s vibrant traditions, improving her Spanish proficiency, and delving into the local arts and dance scene. At MIT, through Global Teaching Labs Spain and her roles as a dynaMIT mentor, an associate advisor, and a captain and president of her dance teams Mirchi and Nritya, Sharma has served as a teacher of both STEM and dance. Her passion for making a difference in her community is also evident through her work with Boston Medical Center’s Autism Program through the PKG Public Service Center and as an undergraduate cancer researcher in the Yaffe Lab. After Fulbright, Sharma plans to pursue an MD and, ultimately, a career as a clinician-scientist.Isabella Witham is a senior majoring in biological engineering. As a recipient of the Fulbright U.S.-Korea Presidential STEM Initiative Award, she will conduct research at Seoul National University’s Biomimetic Materials and Stem Cell Engineering Lab. Her work will involve creating biomimetic scaffolds for pancreatic cell transplantation to treat type I diabetes. While in South Korea, Witham aims to improve her language skills and explore cultural sites and cities. At MIT, she worked in the Belcher Lab on nanoparticle formulations, was a tutor for MIT’s Women’s Technology Program, and volunteered as a Medlink. After her Fulbright fellowship, she plans to pursue a PhD in biological engineering.

Bird populations in the Amazon are declining without clear cause

Bird populations in the Amazon's Yasuní Biosphere Reserve have mysteriously dropped by half over 23 years, with climate change being a potential culprit.Bernardo Araujo reports for Mongabay.In short:The number of birds in Ecuador's Yasuní Biosphere Reserve has halved, according to a recent study.Researchers suspect climate change as the primary cause, despite the area being largely undisturbed by human activity.Similar declines have been observed in other tropical regions, indicating a broader environmental issue.Key quote: “There’s something called the dawn chorus, which is typical in tropical forests where lots of birds sing just before dawn. And over the last 10 years, that has just been going quieter and quieter with very few birds singing in the morning.”— John Blake, University of Florida professorWhy this matters: This decline in bird populations, even in pristine habitats, is indicative of the far-reaching impacts of climate change, raising alarms about the future of biodiversity in tropical ecosystems. For more, read our series, Winged Warnings: What birds are telling us about our planet's health.

Bird populations in the Amazon's Yasuní Biosphere Reserve have mysteriously dropped by half over 23 years, with climate change being a potential culprit.Bernardo Araujo reports for Mongabay.In short:The number of birds in Ecuador's Yasuní Biosphere Reserve has halved, according to a recent study.Researchers suspect climate change as the primary cause, despite the area being largely undisturbed by human activity.Similar declines have been observed in other tropical regions, indicating a broader environmental issue.Key quote: “There’s something called the dawn chorus, which is typical in tropical forests where lots of birds sing just before dawn. And over the last 10 years, that has just been going quieter and quieter with very few birds singing in the morning.”— John Blake, University of Florida professorWhy this matters: This decline in bird populations, even in pristine habitats, is indicative of the far-reaching impacts of climate change, raising alarms about the future of biodiversity in tropical ecosystems. For more, read our series, Winged Warnings: What birds are telling us about our planet's health.

Politicians avoid discussing climate change during Indian elections

As India’s general elections approach, voters are facing climate-related hardships that politicians largely ignore.Sibi Arasu reports for the Associated Press.In short:Extreme heat and drought in Maharashtra state have left farmers struggling, with no substantial political focus on environmental issues.Increased cyclones along India’s eastern coasts have caused significant damage and deaths, with locals frustrated by unfulfilled political promises.Floods in Assam state are worsening, leaving residents on river islands vulnerable and dissatisfied with political inaction.Key quote: “Politicians are only talking about religion and caste. No one is talking about the environment or farmers' issues.” — Vaibhav Maske, farmer in MaharashtraWhy this matters: Ignoring climate change in political discourse undermines efforts to address its severe impacts on health, livelihoods, and regional stability. Effective policies are needed to protect communities from increasingly extreme weather events. Read more: Sabah Usmani on making cities healthy and just.

As India’s general elections approach, voters are facing climate-related hardships that politicians largely ignore.Sibi Arasu reports for the Associated Press.In short:Extreme heat and drought in Maharashtra state have left farmers struggling, with no substantial political focus on environmental issues.Increased cyclones along India’s eastern coasts have caused significant damage and deaths, with locals frustrated by unfulfilled political promises.Floods in Assam state are worsening, leaving residents on river islands vulnerable and dissatisfied with political inaction.Key quote: “Politicians are only talking about religion and caste. No one is talking about the environment or farmers' issues.” — Vaibhav Maske, farmer in MaharashtraWhy this matters: Ignoring climate change in political discourse undermines efforts to address its severe impacts on health, livelihoods, and regional stability. Effective policies are needed to protect communities from increasingly extreme weather events. Read more: Sabah Usmani on making cities healthy and just.

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