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GoGreenNation News: How to avoid the next PFAS crisis
GoGreenNation News: How to avoid the next PFAS crisis

About a decade ago, environmental chemist Sarah Hale and colleagues noticed a hole in chemical regulation. There was lots of talk about protecting people from chemicals that build up in the human body. “But what is there that protects water?” she remembers asking. Questions like hers sparked a movement to regulate chemicals based partly on their mobility, meaning their ability to move easily with water. Such substances escape most traditional water purification. If they’re also slow to break down, that means they’ll build up in the water supply, where many can cause health problems for humans and ecosystems. The current poster-children for such chemicals are certain per- and polyfuoroalkyl substances, or PFAS — but other high-profile examples include melamine, which is sometimes used to make wooden dishware and plywood feel smooth, and dapsone, a drug used to treat skin problems. Mobile substances are in many other widely used materials, from household cleaners to construction materials. There’s been a recent surge in regulation aimed at chemicals that build up in the human body, but regulations based on mobility are in their infancy. This spring, the European Chemicals Agency took a first step toward recognizing the dangers posed by some mobile substances. But the U.S. has yet to follow suit. For Hale, the European move is a major victory. Some mobile substances are poised to become serious health risks to future generations, but if recent and upcoming regulations limit how widespread these chemicals become in the environment, “it will really change things,” she told Environmental Health News (EHN).Persistent, mobile and toxic water pollutionTo understand chemical mobility, think vinegar and oil. Balsamic vinegar is mobile, so it’s able to mix and move with water, and it’s difficult to remove. Olive oil is not mobile, so it separates from water and it’s easy to skim off the top.Being mobile does not make a substance hazardous. But when a chemical is also persistent, that’s when problems arise, Hale said. She works with a European collaboration called ZeroPM that aims to limit two groups of mobile compounds in the environment: Those that are persistent, mobile and toxic (PMTs), and those that are very persistent and very mobile (vPvMs) — terms coined by scientist Michael Neumann from the German Environment Agency. Chemicals that take months to lose half their potency warrant regulation, according to a report by Hale and others. But some persistent chemicals can take thousands of years to leave the water supply, she added. Some persistent and mobile substances are toxic, so the risk of letting them build up is obvious. For chemicals that are very mobile and very persistent, letting them build up is risky even if they’re not known to be toxic because with time scientists may learn that they also pose health hazards.Take PFAS. For decades, PFAS, some of which are persistent and mobile, built up in water across the U.S. — recently researchers estimated that more than 200 million Americans are exposed to PFAS through their drinking water. Now ubiquitous in our water and lives, researchers have linked exposure to multiple health problems, including cancer and birth defects. If the U.S. had previously regulated chemicals based on mobility, as Hale and others recommend, the PFAS crisis may not have become so bad. Starting regulations now may avoid a similar outcome in the future.Persistent, mobile and toxic chemicals are a “super heterogeneous, large group of different types of compounds,” environmental technologist Gabriel Sigmund from Wageningen University & Research told EHN. In 2019, scientists assessed more than 15,000 chemicals, and found that 260 qualified as persistent, mobile and toxic or very persistent and very mobile. Around 2,377 chemicals needed more research before scientists could determine whether they fall into these classes.Unlike certain PFAS that accumulate in the human body, mobile substances rarely build up in humans. Instead, most persistent, mobile and toxic substances are dangerous because people are consistently exposed to low doses through the water they drink, even thousands of miles from where these chemicals are emitted. Compared to other types of pollutants, “it’s much more difficult to confine them, to remediate them, to clean them up,” Sigmund said.Turning off the tap on toxic mobile substancesNot all persistent, mobile and toxic substances are easy to measure. Commercial water testing labs lack the equipment to test for many of them, and even the most sophisticated labs are blind to some, analytical chemist Mohammad Sadia from the University of Amsterdam told EHN. The true scope of the problem is difficult to assess, Hale said. Removing the substances from water is another challenge because many aren’t absorbed well by traditional filters. Researchers are developing a new generation of filters that may help solve this problem, Sigmund said. There are two strategies: The first is to develop custom materials that filter out mobile substances well, but are expensive and may be unsustainable to produce. This solution might work best where large quantities of mobile substances are streaming into the water supply, like the outflows of hospitals or industrial plants. The high cost of installing custom filters, and the environmental impact of producing them, could be worthwhile in these hotspots. The second strategy involves finding ways to make traditional types of filters using waste material, so that water treatment plants can use a lot of them. For example, Sigmund was involved in a pilot study in Switzerland in which filters made from waste wood were used. Ultimately, stopping highly mobile, persistent substances from entering the water supply is the only sure way to prevent harm. Europe took a step toward this goal in April when persistent, mobile and toxic and very persistent and very mobile substances became two categories in the Classification, Labelling, and Packaging Regulation — a system that describes how manufacturers, transporters and users in the European Union must handle chemicals. The immediate effect will be small —manufacturers will simply need to indicate the presence of such chemicals in products sold in the European Union. Within a year, however, Hale thinks it’s likely that such chemicals will also become “substances of very high concern” within Europe’s Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals framework, or REACH. “That’s when there’ll be more action,” she said. This move could let European regulators limit the degree to which manufacturers can use and emit persistent, mobile and toxic and very persistent and very mobile substances. Regulations could help stem the flow. But just as importantly, they could deter manufacturers from creating new persistent and mobile chemicals in the future, Sigmund said. Finally, Hale and her colleagues are working toward entering “persistent, mobile and toxic” as a category into the United Nations Global Harmonized System — an international way of describing the hazards associated with chemicals. This could spread awareness to parts of the world outside of Europe, Hale said.Regulating mobile chemicals in U.S. waterAlthough the movement has centered in Europe, some people in the U.S. have been talking about the concept of mobility for decades, environmental scientist Erika Schreder, from the environmental health research and advocacy group Toxic Free Future, told EHN. For example, Toxic Free Future advocated for the city of Seattle to stop using certain pesticides in the late 1990s and early 2000s, partly because these chemicals are mobile. Schreder isn’t aware of regulations in the U.S. that are based on chemical mobility. However, the Washington State Department of Health and Department of Ecology are planning to reconsider the rule for describing chemicals that are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic starting early next year. Although most mobile compounds don’t bioaccumulate in a classical sense, people are constantly exposed through drinking water, which has a similar effect. Because of this, “it’s possible that we could put the mobility into the new rule,” Holly Davies, a toxicologist at the Washington State Department of Health, told EHN. In the next five to 10 years, this could lead to some of these chemicals being restricted in Washington state. When EHN asked the Environmental Protection Agency if they would like to comment, a representative from the press office asked if the reporter was referring to persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic substances. When the reporter explained that PMTs are a related but separate class of chemicals, the EPA did not offer further comment. Schreder hopes to see wide-spread action soon. If persistent, mobile compounds are allowed to build up in drinking water, “we could end up very sorry,” she said.

GoGreenNation News: A new analysis shows a “crisis” of male reproductive health
GoGreenNation News: A new analysis shows a “crisis” of male reproductive health

For years, scientists across the world have gathered evidence showing declines in sperm quality. Now, new research compiling the results of those studies has found that sperm count has dropped dramatically around the world, and the rate of decline is accelerating. In a new analysis, researchers at Mount Sinai Medical Center, the University of Copenhagen, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, among others, found that sperm count globally dropped by more than half between 1973 and 2018, and that the decline is accelerating: Since 1972, sperm count has dropped by about 1% each year. Since 2000, the annual decrease has been, on average, more than 2.6%. The findings raise concerns that an increasing number of people will need assistance to reproduce, as well as concerns about the overall health of human society, since low sperm count is linked to higher rates of some diseases. And while scientists are still trying to tease out the reasons for the drop, chemical exposures, especially to pesticides, are a likely factor — and climate change may even play a role. Researchers are calling for urgent action to bolster more research into sperm count, determine the causes of the decline, and prevent further deterioration of male reproductive health. “We have clear evidence that there is a crisis in male reproduction,” Hagai Levine, lead author on the study and an epidemiologist at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, told EHN. An “alarming” decline The study builds on the team’s previous research, which showed a decline in sperm count in North America, Europe, Australia, and parts of Asia of 28.5% between 1973 and 2011. Adding data from 38 studies to the new analysis has made the case for sperm decline stronger, Shanna Swan, an author on the paper and a leading reproductive epidemiologist at Mount Sinai, told EHN. “It’s really alarming,” said Swan, who is also an adjunct scientist with Environmental Health Sciences, which publishes EHN.org. Swan authored the book Count Down: How Our Modern World Is Threatening Sperm Counts, Altering Male and Female Reproductive Development, and Imperiling the Future of the Human Race. The research found that the average global sperm count in 2018 was 49 million per milliliter of semen. When a man’s sperm count drops below about 45 million per milliliter, his ability to cause a pregnancy starts dropping dramatically, said Swan. She said the results could mean that in the coming decades, large swaths of the global population of men could be subfertile or infertile, or could require assisted reproduction techniques, like in vitro fertilization (IVF), hormone treatment, or a technique called intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), in which sperm are directly injected into an egg. In addition to the drop in average sperm count, Levine said it was surprising that the rate of decline was accelerating, rather than slowing down. “Is there a tipping point, that once you cross, you get an even worse situation?” he said. “That’s something to really pay attention to.” Environmental Health News · A conversation about infertility with Dr. Shanna Swan Overall, said Levine, the results indicate that “something is very wrong with our global modern environment.” Sperm count is not only a reproductive concern, but an indicator for other health problems in men, and is used as a predictor for male longevity. Men with poor sperm count tend to have higher rates of cardiovascular disease, certain cancers and even death, Michael Eisenberg, a professor of urology at Stanford University who was not involved in the research, told EHN. “This decline in sperm count could also suggest other health concerns,” he said. A 2016 study authored by Eisenberg found that diabetes and other diseases were associated with lower reproductive health. However, said Eisenberg, the reason why overall health is linked to sperm quality is still unknown. Eisenberg said the new study on sperm count decline is a “powerful addition” to previous evidence that sperm count across the globe has declined. Reasons for the trendThough the reasons for the drop were not discussed in the paper, scientists have known for decades that certain environmental factors, like exposures to pesticides (such as atrazine, alachlor, and diazinon) and other endocrine-disrupting chemicals, like phthalates, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), can have impacts on reproductive health. Nearly 20 years ago, for example, Swan and other researchers published an analysis of research into links between pesticide exposure and sperm quality, and found that 79% of studies indicated a decrease in sperm quality among those exposed to the chemicals. Diet, activity level, and stress may also play a role.Swan and Levine said exposures to chemicals in the environment and other factors likely all play a substantial role in the sperm count trend. And, the risk factors are related; for example, obesity is a risk factor for lower quality sperm, but certain endocrine-disrupting chemicals — which interfere with how hormones work — are thought to contribute to obesity, as well. Diet is hard to decouple from chemical exposures, too, since pesticide residues linger on much of the food we eat. Related: Count Down — The infertility crisisAdditionally, both Swan and Levine said climate change could be a factor, both due to climate-related stress and actual fluctuations in temperature, since heat waves are linked to decreases in sperm quality.Prenatal exposure may be a contributor, too. Chemical exposures during the male “programming window,” when reproductive traits are formed in utero, have an outsized effect on sperm quality later in life, said Swan. For example, she said, when a man smokes — a known endocrine-disrupting activity — he lowers his sperm count by about 20%. When a male is born to a woman who smokes, his sperm count is reduced by about 50%. Those effects may last for generations before subsequent children and grandchildren return to normal sperm counts.Protecting reproductive healthLevine is optimistic that scientists and policymakers can reverse the trend if they can determine the causes. Swan pointed to the sharp drop in cigarette smoking in the past 50 years as evidence that widespread lifestyle changes are possible, and said that any large-scale adoption of healthier habits, like better diets and more physical activity, can help improve reproductive health. Making individual lifestyle changes like choosing organic, pesticide-free produce and staying away from certain plastics and chemical products can help lower a person’s exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, too. However, doing so can be difficult, especially for disadvantaged populations with less access to fresh foods, higher environmental exposures, and fewer means to purchase safer, non-toxic household goods. To truly tackle the problem, though, much more research is needed, said Swan. One thing she’d like to see would be better tracking of sperm count, similar to how the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention tracks obesity. Levine also said better surveillance tools will be crucial to understanding the problem more deeply. Once humankind “defines a problem and puts our resources and mind into it, we find solutions that we could not have thought about when we started,” said Levine. “It's always theoretically reversible.”

GoGreenNation News: Can video games change people’s minds about the climate crisis?
GoGreenNation News: Can video games change people’s minds about the climate crisis?

A new wave of game makers are attempting to influence a generation of environmentally conscious players. Will it work, and is it enough?“It was scary. It made you realise how, despite all the sophistication of modern society, we’re still reliant on water falling from the sky.” Sam Alfred, the lead designer at Cape Town-based video game studio Free Lives, vividly remembers his city nearly running out of water. During 2018, the area surrounding South Africa’s second largest city suffered months of dwindling rainfall. Dams were unable to replenish themselves at the rate its inhabitants required. Water was rationed. Businesses shut. The situation even called for its own grim version of the Doomsday Clock: hour by hour, the city ticked ever closer to Day Zero, marking the end of its fresh water supply.Terra Nil, the video game that Alfred has been developing since 2019, is a response to these terrifying events. Dubbed a “city-builder in reverse”, it foregoes the consumption and expansion of genre classics such as Civilisation and SimCity to paint a picture of environmental restoration. Starting with arid desert, it’s up to the player to rewild a landscape using various technologies – a toxin scrubber, for example, or a beehive. At light-speed, and with eye-massaging flushes of emerald green and azure blue, the environment transforms into lush vegetation. Terra Nil’s simplicity is as beautiful as its visuals, offering the satisfaction of a colouring book while doling out a clear-eyed critique of environment-wrecking extraction. Continue reading...

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