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See 11 Winning Images From the Astronomy Photographer of the Year Contest That Showcase the Wonder of Space

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Friday, September 13, 2024

Images of the sky, stars and galaxies have the ability to strike wonder and awe. The Astronomy Photographer of the Year competition captures that awe by showcasing some of the best images in astrophotography as amateur and professional photographers alike vie for a £10,000 ($13,000) grand prize. Now in its 16th year, the contest drew in more than 3,500 entries from photographers representing 58 countries this time around. Hosted by the Royal Observatory Greenwich, it is the largest astrophotography competition in the world—and the observatory released the winners of its 2024 contest in an online ceremony Thursday. This year’s contest featured multiple categories: our sun; our moon; galaxies; auroras; planets, comets and asteroids; people and space; stars and nebulas; and skyscapes. The judges also handed out a few special awards that recognized astrophotography newbies, young photographers and image innovation, which requires merging open source data with space-related images. The overall winner, Ryan Imperio, came from the “our sun” category and depicted Baily’s beads during the 2023 annular solar eclipse. Tom Williams was able to win in two separate categories, securing the top image in both “people and space,” as well as “planets, comets and asteroids.” “An abundance of astonishing works flood to us, and it is a joy to see what the world’s best astrophotographers are producing,” says Ed Bloomer, an astronomer at Royal Observatory Greenwich, in a statement. “It really is true that choosing the winners is a long process, and heavily debated amongst the panel.” An exhibition featuring the winning photographs, alongside a selection of shortlisted images that were announced earlier this year, opened at the National Maritime Museum in the United Kingdom on September 13. Below are the breathtaking winners, capturing in great detail the otherworldly beauty of space. Distorted Shadows of the Moon’s Surface by Ryan Imperio In this contest-winning time-lapse shot, the moon travels across the face of the sun, revealing the progression of Baily’s beads during the 2023 annular solar eclipse. © Ryan Imperio This overall winning image was taken during the 2023 annular solar eclipse that traced a path over the Americas. Astrophotographer Ryan Imperio of the United States put together this sequence of continuously captured images showing the progression of a phenomenon called Baily’s beads. When the moon’s edge aligns with the sun’s during a solar eclipse, its rugged topography of mountains and valleys allows sunlight to shine through unevenly. The resulting beads of light are called Baily’s beads. Here, the Baily’s beads break the ring of sunlight to form the illusion of black streaks. A glowing “Ring of Fire” also appears on the left side of the striking image. Since the moon does not completely cover the sun in an annular eclipse, it results in a ring of light glowing around the moon. Imperio describes how he captured the contest-winning shot: “Representing approximately ten seconds, the stacked sequence was shot at three frames per second and, starting on the left, includes the Ring of Fire at maximum annularity,” or the peak of the eclipse, he says in a catalog of the winners sent to Smithsonian magazine. “As the sequence progresses, a sort of exaggerated projection is created of the moon’s rough topography, allowing the viewer to appreciate the distorted lunar peaks and valleys.” Queenstown Aurora by Larryn Rae The pink hue of the southern lights shines over mountains, as captured in Queensland, New Zealand, in this winning image from the auroras category. © Larryn Rae The Aurora Australis, or southern lights, illuminate the sky over the mountains of Queenstown, New Zealand. Given the popularity of photographing the northern lights, this category winner was just one of two shortlisted aurora photos taken in the Southern Hemisphere. The vivid red colors of this aurora are rarer than green auroras, because these are produced at high altitudes. When charged particles from the sun energize atoms of gas in the Earth’s atmosphere, the excess energy gets released as light in brilliant auroras. The sun launches those particles in a phenomenon known as a coronal mass ejection (CME), when its outer atmosphere ejects magnetic fields and plasma mass into space. Larryn Rae of New Zealand describes how his image was put together: “It is a 19-image panorama capturing all of the fast-moving beams that lit up the sky. … My astro-modified camera caught all the pink hues of the aurora beams.” The composition also came together with a bit of luck. “The aurora came out of nowhere, and I was the only person there to capture the surprise display.” Shadow Peaks of Sinus Iridum by Gábor Balázs A close-up shot of the moon captures a flat plain known as Sinus Iridum, as well as the crater Pythagoras, which is visible because of a wobbling phenomenon called libration. The image won the contest's category for our moon. © Gábor Balázs Captured by Gábor Balázs of Hungary, this image shows a large lunar crater called Sinus Iridum, also known as the ‘Bay of Rainbows,’ which stretches approximately 150 miles in diameter. The surrounding Montes Jura mountain range casts spiky shadows into the crater. This detailed photograph reveals how the bay is surrounded by several smaller craters, showcasing the moon’s rugged terrain. In the top right corner lies the crater Pythagoras, which is noted by astronomers for its depth and complex geological features. Earth-bound viewers can only see one side of the moon, but a phenomenon called “libration,” in which the moon slightly oscillates, allows astronomers to see approximately 59 percent of the satellite’s total surface. This photograph includes glimpses of areas that are typically out of view because libration caused them to wobble toward the Earth. One of the competition’s judges, Yuri Beletsky, an astronomer and award-winning photographer in his own right, stated about this capture: “This image not only highlights the capabilities of modern astrophotography equipment but also offers a vivid illustration of lunar surface features, contributing valuable insights into lunar geology.” Echoes of the Past by Bence Tóth Galaxy NGC 5128, the fifth brightest galaxy as seen from Earth, won the category for galaxies. © Bence Tóth, Péter Feltóti A shot of galaxy NGC 5128, also known as Centaurus A, took home the prize in the galaxies category. At the center is a visualization of a powerful jet of radiation and particles known as a relativistic jet. Moving at close to the speed of light, the jet serves as an indicator of a supermassive black hole. Centaurus A is the closest radio galaxy to Earth, meaning it emits a large amount of radio waves. Centaurus A is the fifth brightest galaxy in the sky and can only be seen in the Southern Hemisphere. Bence Tóth of Hungary describes how he and Péter Feltóti got the shot: “We captured the image data in parallel with two astrophotography setups and processed the final image from all the data.” “This galaxy has quite a violent past due to several galaxy merging events. One of the main goals was to show how these disrupting events shaped the galaxy, as the shockwaves are propagated through the entire disc,” he adds. “The other target was to show the relativistic jet, the tell-tale sign of the supermassive black hole at the center.” High Tech Silhouette by Tom Williams The International Space Station creates a silhouette above the sun's active surface as it speeds around the Earth. This image won the contest's people and space category. © Tom Williams Tom Williams of the United Kingdom captured this moment as the International Space Station transited in front of the surface of the sun. He describes the discipline and accuracy needed to get this detailed image: “Crossing the field of view in just 0.2 seconds, these ISS transits of the sun are particularly rare for any one location on Earth.” The International Space Station is the largest space station ever built, maintaining an orbit with an average altitude of 250 miles. The station makes 16 orbits of the Earth per day, meaning its astronauts experience 16 sunrises and sunsets daily. It travels at a rapid five miles per second, emphasizing the precision needed to get this photo. Williams’ image also showcases the dynamic and active nature of the sun. A large, bright, extruding solar prominence extends out from the star near the station’s transit location, making this shot extra special. “Luckily weather conditions were great, and the sun was very lively at the time,” the photographer adds. “After many days of planning, it was a treat to have it all come to fruition.” On Approach by Tom Williams Venus, seen in three views as it approaches a conjunction with Earth and the sun, won the planets, comets and asteroids category. © Tom Williams The above image shows the phases of Venus as it approaches to pass between the Earth and sun. Whenever a planet sits directly between the sun and Earth, this is referred to as an inferior conjunction. Such an alignment occurs with Venus occurs every 19.5 months. Venus is a breathtaking, unique planet. It spins slowly in the opposite direction from most planets in our solar system. And as the closest planet to Earth, the highly reflective Venus is the third brightest object in the sky, after only the sun and moon. However, the reflectivity of its clouds makes conventional imaging methods difficult. “This makes UV imaging of Venus particularly interesting as the planet is much more dynamic than it would be if viewed in the visible spectrum,” Williams notes. He used ultraviolet and infrared filters to reveal the intricacies of cloud structures within the planet’s upper atmosphere, represented by added colors in the image that resemble the planet’s natural hue. Tasman Gems by Tom Rae Stars, nebulas and galaxies illuminate the night sky over the Tasman Valley in New Zealand. This image won the contest's skyscapes category. © Tom Rae The rugged peaks of New Zealand’s Tasman Valley stretch upward toward an array of celestial features in the Southern Hemisphere’s summer night sky. At the center, the red regions are hydrogen clouds of the Gum Nebula, the largest emission nebula in the sky, spanning the width of 72 full moons. Despite its size, the Gum Nebula was unknown before 1955 due to its faintness. This shot also features other regions in the Milky Way that aren’t photographed very frequently given their low brightness. In the top right side of the frame are the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, which are two irregular dwarf galaxies that orbit the Milky Way. Additionally, the bright stars Sirius and Canopus can be seen in the center of the image. Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky, lies in the Canis Major constellation. Canopus is part of the constellation Carina and is the second-brightest star seen from the Southern Hemisphere. On the left of the image, you can see the Orion constellation with its characteristic three-star belt. “It’s very challenging to create this sort of composition without tipping the balance in favor of either foreground or background,” says contest judge Bloomer. “As well as being technically impressive, the balance also produces a surreal quality. A slightly dream-like connection between the Earth-bound and the celestial.” SNR G107.5-5.2 Unexpected Discovery (The Nereides Nebula in Cassiopeia) by Marcel Drechsler, Bray Falls, Yann Sainty, Nicolas Martino and Richard Galli In this winning image from the stars and nebulas category, the remnants from a gigantic supernova form wispy rings at the center of the Cassiopeia constellation. © Marcel Drechsler, Bray Falls, Yann Sainty, Nicolas Martino, Richard Galli “A new supernova remnant right at our doorstep!” writes the team of five photographers who captured this image. “One team, 3,559 frames, 260 hours of exposure time, telescopes on three continents and one goal—not only to explore a supernova remnant that has not yet been discovered by science, but also to photograph it in an ambitious joint project.” This gigantic supernova remnant in the resulting image is a lingering structure left over from the explosion of a star, featuring shock waves and filled with ejected materials from the blast. The team of photographers discovered this remnant, which stretches across a wide expanse of the night sky the size of six full moons. It was a surprise find, considering it lies in the center of the famous constellation Cassiopeia, known for its “W” shape formed by five bright stars. “Who knew this fantastic and delicate structure was there all along in one of the best-known constellations in the night sky?” says contest judge Steve Marsh, the art editor for BBC Sky at Night Magazine. The clever coloring specifically wowed judges as it illuminated the structure’s details. Even more impressively, the team that made this miraculous discovery consisted of amateur astronomers, demonstrating the remarkable impact amateurs can have on the field. SH2-308: Dolphin Head Nebula by Xin Feng and Miao Gong The Dolphin Head Nebula appears as a blue bubble in this image that won the Sir Patrick Moore Prize for Best Newcomer. © Xin Feng, Miao Gong Xin Feng and Miao Gong of China took home the award for the best newcomer image, which features the charming SH2-308, commonly known as the Dolphin Head Nebula. The bubble of ionized atomic hydrogen was pushed out from a very luminous Wolf-Rayet star. Wolf-Rayet stars are at an advanced stage in the stellar life cycle and have a high rate of mass loss. Around the Dolphin Head Nebula, stellar winds, or gas ejected from the star’s upper atmosphere, can reach over 3.3 million miles per hour, making the region lively. Feng and Gong note the nebula “is at a low angle and can only be shot for five hours a day. … This image comprises a total of ten days of shooting and post-processing.” NGC 1499, A Dusty California by Daniele Borsari The California Nebula emits ionized gasses to form a long, reddish-pink shape. Captured by a 14-year-old photographer, the image won the young astrophotographer category. © Daniele Borsari Fourteen-year-old Daniele Borsari of Italy captured the above image of the emission nebula NGC 1499, also known as the California Nebula for its resemblance to the elongated shape of the state. An emission nebula is a cloud of ionized gasses that glows, typically in red, due to being heated by nearby stars. This nebula is just about 1,000 light-years from Earth in the constellation Perseus. Borsari captures the nebula’s shape beautifully, demonstrating the promise of young astrophotography talent, per the contest judges. “This incredibly beautiful image… captures a nebula, atmospheric gasses and has extraordinary balance of light, composition and structure,” says judge Neal White, a researcher of contemporary art and science at the University of Westminster in England. “The future of astronomy photography being fearlessly, and openly, taken forward by a new generation.” Anatomy of a Habitable Planet by Sergio Díaz Ruiz This visualization of Earth’s global atmospheric conditions, based on satellite data, won the Annie Maunder Prize for Image Innovation. © Sergio Díaz Ruiz Spanish photographer Sergio Díaz Ruiz creates a shocking depiction of a world plagued by impending global catastrophes, despite having intelligent life forms. What planet is this? Our Earth. Various colors represent data captured by the GOES-18 weather satellite, denoting landmasses, oceans and atmospheric features. Combined with a map of artificial lights at night, the image shows Earth as an alien civilization might view and study it. The image evokes the pressing need for climate action to manage greenhouse gas emissions and other atmospheric risks to humankind. As judge Victoria Lane, senior curator of art and identity at Royal Museums Greenwich, aptly writes, “the image poignantly emphasizes the significant environmental challenges we face and the urgent need to protect and preserve our planet.” Get the latest stories in your inbox every weekday.

From a solar eclipse to a dolphin-like nebula, these otherworldly sights are captured in sharp detail by astrophotographers from around the world

Images of the sky, stars and galaxies have the ability to strike wonder and awe.

The Astronomy Photographer of the Year competition captures that awe by showcasing some of the best images in astrophotography as amateur and professional photographers alike vie for a £10,000 ($13,000) grand prize.

Now in its 16th year, the contest drew in more than 3,500 entries from photographers representing 58 countries this time around. Hosted by the Royal Observatory Greenwich, it is the largest astrophotography competition in the world—and the observatory released the winners of its 2024 contest in an online ceremony Thursday.

This year’s contest featured multiple categories: our sun; our moon; galaxies; auroras; planets, comets and asteroids; people and space; stars and nebulas; and skyscapes. The judges also handed out a few special awards that recognized astrophotography newbies, young photographers and image innovation, which requires merging open source data with space-related images.

The overall winner, Ryan Imperio, came from the “our sun” category and depicted Baily’s beads during the 2023 annular solar eclipse. Tom Williams was able to win in two separate categories, securing the top image in both “people and space,” as well as “planets, comets and asteroids.”

“An abundance of astonishing works flood to us, and it is a joy to see what the world’s best astrophotographers are producing,” says Ed Bloomer, an astronomer at Royal Observatory Greenwich, in a statement. “It really is true that choosing the winners is a long process, and heavily debated amongst the panel.”

An exhibition featuring the winning photographs, alongside a selection of shortlisted images that were announced earlier this year, opened at the National Maritime Museum in the United Kingdom on September 13.

Below are the breathtaking winners, capturing in great detail the otherworldly beauty of space.

Distorted Shadows of the Moon’s Surface by Ryan Imperio

A time-lapsed picture of the moon covering the sun shows thin glowing gold rings emanating out from the dark moon at the left, with dark streaks through them
In this contest-winning time-lapse shot, the moon travels across the face of the sun, revealing the progression of Baily’s beads during the 2023 annular solar eclipse. © Ryan Imperio

This overall winning image was taken during the 2023 annular solar eclipse that traced a path over the Americas. Astrophotographer Ryan Imperio of the United States put together this sequence of continuously captured images showing the progression of a phenomenon called Baily’s beads.

When the moon’s edge aligns with the sun’s during a solar eclipse, its rugged topography of mountains and valleys allows sunlight to shine through unevenly. The resulting beads of light are called Baily’s beads. Here, the Baily’s beads break the ring of sunlight to form the illusion of black streaks.

A glowing “Ring of Fire” also appears on the left side of the striking image. Since the moon does not completely cover the sun in an annular eclipse, it results in a ring of light glowing around the moon.

Imperio describes how he captured the contest-winning shot: “Representing approximately ten seconds, the stacked sequence was shot at three frames per second and, starting on the left, includes the Ring of Fire at maximum annularity,” or the peak of the eclipse, he says in a catalog of the winners sent to Smithsonian magazine. “As the sequence progresses, a sort of exaggerated projection is created of the moon’s rough topography, allowing the viewer to appreciate the distorted lunar peaks and valleys.”

Queenstown Aurora by Larryn Rae

A pink aurora shines over a mountain and water in the night sky, with streaks emanating up from the horizon like fire
The pink hue of the southern lights shines over mountains, as captured in Queensland, New Zealand, in this winning image from the auroras category. © Larryn Rae

The Aurora Australis, or southern lights, illuminate the sky over the mountains of Queenstown, New Zealand. Given the popularity of photographing the northern lights, this category winner was just one of two shortlisted aurora photos taken in the Southern Hemisphere. The vivid red colors of this aurora are rarer than green auroras, because these are produced at high altitudes.

When charged particles from the sun energize atoms of gas in the Earth’s atmosphere, the excess energy gets released as light in brilliant auroras. The sun launches those particles in a phenomenon known as a coronal mass ejection (CME), when its outer atmosphere ejects magnetic fields and plasma mass into space.

Larryn Rae of New Zealand describes how his image was put together: “It is a 19-image panorama capturing all of the fast-moving beams that lit up the sky. … My astro-modified camera caught all the pink hues of the aurora beams.” The composition also came together with a bit of luck. “The aurora came out of nowhere, and I was the only person there to capture the surprise display.”

Shadow Peaks of Sinus Iridum by Gábor Balázs

A shot of the moon highlighting the textured craters, mountains, and dry bays
A close-up shot of the moon captures a flat plain known as Sinus Iridum, as well as the crater Pythagoras, which is visible because of a wobbling phenomenon called libration. The image won the contest's category for our moon. © Gábor Balázs

Captured by Gábor Balázs of Hungary, this image shows a large lunar crater called Sinus Iridum, also known as the ‘Bay of Rainbows,’ which stretches approximately 150 miles in diameter. The surrounding Montes Jura mountain range casts spiky shadows into the crater. This detailed photograph reveals how the bay is surrounded by several smaller craters, showcasing the moon’s rugged terrain. In the top right corner lies the crater Pythagoras, which is noted by astronomers for its depth and complex geological features.

Earth-bound viewers can only see one side of the moon, but a phenomenon called “libration,” in which the moon slightly oscillates, allows astronomers to see approximately 59 percent of the satellite’s total surface. This photograph includes glimpses of areas that are typically out of view because libration caused them to wobble toward the Earth.

One of the competition’s judges, Yuri Beletsky, an astronomer and award-winning photographer in his own right, stated about this capture: “This image not only highlights the capabilities of modern astrophotography equipment but also offers a vivid illustration of lunar surface features, contributing valuable insights into lunar geology.”

Echoes of the Past by Bence Tóth

Centaurus A, a galaxy only visible from the Southern Hemisphere, shines with glowing jets of radiation.
Galaxy NGC 5128, the fifth brightest galaxy as seen from Earth, won the category for galaxies. © Bence Tóth, Péter Feltóti

A shot of galaxy NGC 5128, also known as Centaurus A, took home the prize in the galaxies category. At the center is a visualization of a powerful jet of radiation and particles known as a relativistic jet. Moving at close to the speed of light, the jet serves as an indicator of a supermassive black hole.

Centaurus A is the closest radio galaxy to Earth, meaning it emits a large amount of radio waves. Centaurus A is the fifth brightest galaxy in the sky and can only be seen in the Southern Hemisphere.

Bence Tóth of Hungary describes how he and Péter Feltóti got the shot: “We captured the image data in parallel with two astrophotography setups and processed the final image from all the data.”

“This galaxy has quite a violent past due to several galaxy merging events. One of the main goals was to show how these disrupting events shaped the galaxy, as the shockwaves are propagated through the entire disc,” he adds. “The other target was to show the relativistic jet, the tell-tale sign of the supermassive black hole at the center.”

High Tech Silhouette by Tom Williams

An image of the surface of the sun with the International Space Station traversing in front of it.
The International Space Station creates a silhouette above the sun's active surface as it speeds around the Earth. This image won the contest's people and space category. © Tom Williams

Tom Williams of the United Kingdom captured this moment as the International Space Station transited in front of the surface of the sun. He describes the discipline and accuracy needed to get this detailed image: “Crossing the field of view in just 0.2 seconds, these ISS transits of the sun are particularly rare for any one location on Earth.”

The International Space Station is the largest space station ever built, maintaining an orbit with an average altitude of 250 miles. The station makes 16 orbits of the Earth per day, meaning its astronauts experience 16 sunrises and sunsets daily. It travels at a rapid five miles per second, emphasizing the precision needed to get this photo.

Williams’ image also showcases the dynamic and active nature of the sun. A large, bright, extruding solar prominence extends out from the star near the station’s transit location, making this shot extra special.

“Luckily weather conditions were great, and the sun was very lively at the time,” the photographer adds. “After many days of planning, it was a treat to have it all come to fruition.”

On Approach by Tom Williams

A collection of views of Venus’s blue and orange surface.
Venus, seen in three views as it approaches a conjunction with Earth and the sun, won the planets, comets and asteroids category. © Tom Williams

The above image shows the phases of Venus as it approaches to pass between the Earth and sun. Whenever a planet sits directly between the sun and Earth, this is referred to as an inferior conjunction. Such an alignment occurs with Venus occurs every 19.5 months.

Venus is a breathtaking, unique planet. It spins slowly in the opposite direction from most planets in our solar system. And as the closest planet to Earth, the highly reflective Venus is the third brightest object in the sky, after only the sun and moon. However, the reflectivity of its clouds makes conventional imaging methods difficult.

“This makes UV imaging of Venus particularly interesting as the planet is much more dynamic than it would be if viewed in the visible spectrum,” Williams notes. He used ultraviolet and infrared filters to reveal the intricacies of cloud structures within the planet’s upper atmosphere, represented by added colors in the image that resemble the planet’s natural hue.

Tasman Gems by Tom Rae

Stars, nebulae, and aurora shine in this summer night sky in New Zealand
Stars, nebulas and galaxies illuminate the night sky over the Tasman Valley in New Zealand. This image won the contest's skyscapes category. © Tom Rae

The rugged peaks of New Zealand’s Tasman Valley stretch upward toward an array of celestial features in the Southern Hemisphere’s summer night sky.

At the center, the red regions are hydrogen clouds of the Gum Nebula, the largest emission nebula in the sky, spanning the width of 72 full moons. Despite its size, the Gum Nebula was unknown before 1955 due to its faintness. This shot also features other regions in the Milky Way that aren’t photographed very frequently given their low brightness.

In the top right side of the frame are the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, which are two irregular dwarf galaxies that orbit the Milky Way. Additionally, the bright stars Sirius and Canopus can be seen in the center of the image. Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky, lies in the Canis Major constellation. Canopus is part of the constellation Carina and is the second-brightest star seen from the Southern Hemisphere. On the left of the image, you can see the Orion constellation with its characteristic three-star belt.

“It’s very challenging to create this sort of composition without tipping the balance in favor of either foreground or background,” says contest judge Bloomer. “As well as being technically impressive, the balance also produces a surreal quality. A slightly dream-like connection between the Earth-bound and the celestial.”

SNR G107.5-5.2 Unexpected Discovery (The Nereides Nebula in Cassiopeia) by Marcel Drechsler, Bray Falls, Yann Sainty, Nicolas Martino and Richard Galli

Bright blue remnants of a gigantic supernova form a wispy ring against red remnants and a red foggy backdrop with stars
In this winning image from the stars and nebulas category, the remnants from a gigantic supernova form wispy rings at the center of the Cassiopeia constellation. © Marcel Drechsler, Bray Falls, Yann Sainty, Nicolas Martino, Richard Galli

“A new supernova remnant right at our doorstep!” writes the team of five photographers who captured this image. “One team, 3,559 frames, 260 hours of exposure time, telescopes on three continents and one goal—not only to explore a supernova remnant that has not yet been discovered by science, but also to photograph it in an ambitious joint project.”

This gigantic supernova remnant in the resulting image is a lingering structure left over from the explosion of a star, featuring shock waves and filled with ejected materials from the blast.

The team of photographers discovered this remnant, which stretches across a wide expanse of the night sky the size of six full moons. It was a surprise find, considering it lies in the center of the famous constellation Cassiopeia, known for its “W” shape formed by five bright stars.

“Who knew this fantastic and delicate structure was there all along in one of the best-known constellations in the night sky?” says contest judge Steve Marsh, the art editor for BBC Sky at Night Magazine.

The clever coloring specifically wowed judges as it illuminated the structure’s details. Even more impressively, the team that made this miraculous discovery consisted of amateur astronomers, demonstrating the remarkable impact amateurs can have on the field.

SH2-308: Dolphin Head Nebula by Xin Feng and Miao Gong

A blue nebula is looks like a dolphin's head with its nose pointing to the top left against a colored blue and red sky
The Dolphin Head Nebula appears as a blue bubble in this image that won the Sir Patrick Moore Prize for Best Newcomer. © Xin Feng, Miao Gong

Xin Feng and Miao Gong of China took home the award for the best newcomer image, which features the charming SH2-308, commonly known as the Dolphin Head Nebula.

The bubble of ionized atomic hydrogen was pushed out from a very luminous Wolf-Rayet star. Wolf-Rayet stars are at an advanced stage in the stellar life cycle and have a high rate of mass loss. Around the Dolphin Head Nebula, stellar winds, or gas ejected from the star’s upper atmosphere, can reach over 3.3 million miles per hour, making the region lively.

Feng and Gong note the nebula “is at a low angle and can only be shot for five hours a day. … This image comprises a total of ten days of shooting and post-processing.”

NGC 1499, A Dusty California by Daniele Borsari

A reddish-pink emission nebula in the vague shape of the state of California
The California Nebula emits ionized gasses to form a long, reddish-pink shape. Captured by a 14-year-old photographer, the image won the young astrophotographer category. © Daniele Borsari

Fourteen-year-old Daniele Borsari of Italy captured the above image of the emission nebula NGC 1499, also known as the California Nebula for its resemblance to the elongated shape of the state. An emission nebula is a cloud of ionized gasses that glows, typically in red, due to being heated by nearby stars.

This nebula is just about 1,000 light-years from Earth in the constellation Perseus. Borsari captures the nebula’s shape beautifully, demonstrating the promise of young astrophotography talent, per the contest judges.

“This incredibly beautiful image… captures a nebula, atmospheric gasses and has extraordinary balance of light, composition and structure,” says judge Neal White, a researcher of contemporary art and science at the University of Westminster in England. “The future of astronomy photography being fearlessly, and openly, taken forward by a new generation.”

Anatomy of a Habitable Planet by Sergio Díaz Ruiz

A depiction of Earth’s atmosphere features shown with green, red, and blue visualizations from a full view of the spherical planet from space
This visualization of Earth’s global atmospheric conditions, based on satellite data, won the Annie Maunder Prize for Image Innovation. © Sergio Díaz Ruiz

Spanish photographer Sergio Díaz Ruiz creates a shocking depiction of a world plagued by impending global catastrophes, despite having intelligent life forms. What planet is this? Our Earth.

Various colors represent data captured by the GOES-18 weather satellite, denoting landmasses, oceans and atmospheric features. Combined with a map of artificial lights at night, the image shows Earth as an alien civilization might view and study it. The image evokes the pressing need for climate action to manage greenhouse gas emissions and other atmospheric risks to humankind.

As judge Victoria Lane, senior curator of art and identity at Royal Museums Greenwich, aptly writes, “the image poignantly emphasizes the significant environmental challenges we face and the urgent need to protect and preserve our planet.”

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Contributor: The left's climate panic is finally calming down

Millions of Americans may still believe warming exists, but far fewer view it as an imminent existential threat.

Is the American left finally waking up from its decades-long climate catastrophism stupor? For years, climate alarmism has reigned as political catechism: The planet is burning and only drastic action — deindustrialization, draconian regulation, even ceasing childbearing — could forestall certain apocalypse. Now, at least some signs are emerging that both the broader public and leading liberal voices may be recoiling from the doom and gloom.First, recent polling shows that the intensity of climate dread is weakening. According to a July report from the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication, while a majority (69%) of Americans still say global warming is happening, only 60% say it’s “mostly human-caused”; 28% attribute it mostly to natural environmental changes. A similar October study from the University of Chicago’s Energy Policy Institute found that “belief in human-driven climate change declined overall” since 2017. Interestingly, Democrats and political independents, not Republicans, were primarily responsible for the decline.Moreover, public willingness to countenance personal sacrifice in the name of saving the planet seems to be plummeting: An October 2024 poll from the Pew Research Center found that only 45% said human activity contributed “a great deal” to climate change. An additional 29% said it contributed “some” — while a quarter said human influence was minimal or nonexistent.The moral panic is slowly evaporating. Millions of Americans may still believe warming exists, but far fewer view it as an imminent existential threat — let alone embrace sweeping upheavals in energy policy and personal lifestyle.The fading consensus among ordinary Americans matches a more dramatic signal from ruling-class elites. On Oct. 28, no less an erstwhile ardent climate change evangelist than Bill Gates published a remarkable blog post addressing climate leaders at the then-upcoming COP30 summit. Gates unloaded a blistering critique of what he called “the doomsday view of climate change,” which he said is simply “wrong.” While acknowledging the serious risks for the poorest countries, Gates insisted that humanity will continue to “live and thrive in most places on Earth for the foreseeable future.” He added that “using more energy is a good thing, because it’s so closely correlated with economic growth.” One might be forgiven for suffering a bit of whiplash.The unraveling of climate catastrophism got another jolt recently with the formal retraction of a high-profile 2024 study published in the journal Nature. That study — which had predicted a calamitous 62% decline in global economic output by 2100 if carbon emissions were not sufficiently reduced — was widely cited by transnational bodies and progressive political activists alike as justification for the pursuit of aggressive decarbonization. But the authors withdrew the paper after peer reviewers discovered that flawed data had skewed the result. Without that data, the projected decline in output collapses to around 23%. Oops.The climate alarm machine — powered by the twin engines of moral panic and groupthink homogeneity — is sputtering. When the public grows skeptical, when billionaire techno-philanthropists question the prevailing consensus and when supposedly mainstream scientific projections reverse course, that’s a sign that the days of Al Gore’s “An Inconvenient Truth” propaganda documentary and John Kerry’s “special presidential envoy for climate” globe-trotting vanity gig are officially over.Ultimately, no one stands to benefit more from this incipient trend toward climate sanity than the American people themselves. In an era when optimism can be hard to come by, the professed certitude of imminent environmental apocalypse is pretty much the least helpful thing imaginable. If one is seeking to plant the seeds of hope, nothing could be worse than lecturing to the masses that one is a climate change-“denying” misanthrope if he has the temerity to take his family on an airplane for a nice vacation or — egad! — entertain thoughts of having more children. Even more to the point, given the overwhelming evidence that Americans are now primarily concerned about affordability and the cost of living, more — not less — hydrocarbon extraction has never been more necessary.There are green shoots that liberals and elites may be slowly — perhaps grudgingly — giving up on the climate catastrophism hoax to which they have long stubbornly clung. In America’s gladiatorial two-party system, that could well deprive Republicans of a winning political issue with which to batter out-of-touch, climate-change-besotted Democrats. But for the sake of good governance, sound public policy and the prosperity of the median American citizen, it would be the best thing to happen in a decade.Josh Hammer’s latest book is “Israel and Civilization: The Fate of the Jewish Nation and the Destiny of the West.” This article was produced in collaboration with Creators Syndicate. X: @josh_hammer This article generally aligns with a Right point of view. Learn more about this AI-generated analysis The following AI-generated content is powered by Perplexity. The Los Angeles Times editorial staff does not create or edit the content. Ideas expressed in the pieceThe author contends that climate catastrophism has dominated progressive political discourse for decades but is now experiencing a notable decline in public support and credibility. Recent polling demonstrates weakening consensus on climate risks, with only 60% of Americans attributing warming primarily to human causes compared to 28% citing natural environmental changes, while belief in human-caused climate change has declined particularly among Democrats and independents since 2017. The author notes that public willingness to accept personal sacrifices for climate goals has diminished substantially, with only 45% of Americans saying human activity contributed “a great deal” to warming. The author highlights prominent figures like Bill Gates questioning the “doomsday view of climate change” and emphasizing that humanity will continue to thrive, arguing that increased energy consumption correlates with economic growth. The retraction of a 2024 Nature study that had predicted a 62% decline in global economic output by 2100—which peer reviewers found used flawed data—serves as evidence, according to the author, that catastrophic projections lack credibility. The author maintains that climate alarmism has been counterproductive to American well-being, fostering pessimism about the future and discouraging people from having children or pursuing economic development, and that moving away from this narrative will allow policymakers to address concerns Americans prioritize, particularly affordability and cost of living, through expanded hydrocarbon extraction.Different views on the topicScientific researchers have documented substantive health consequences from climate-related extreme events that suggest legitimate grounds for public concern rather than baseless alarmism. A comprehensive peer-reviewed literature review identified extensive evidence linking climate change to measurable increases in anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicidal ideation following extreme weather events such as heat waves, floods, hurricanes, and droughts[1]. The research demonstrates that approximately 80% of the global population experiences water and food insecurity resulting from climate impacts, with particularly acute effects in rural areas facing drought and agricultural disruption[1]. Scientific studies indicate that anthropogenic warming has contributed to increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, with vulnerable populations—including elderly individuals, low-income communities, women, and disabled persons—facing disproportionate risks due to limited access to resources and protection[1]. Rather than representing unfounded catastrophism, documented mental and physical health outcomes following extreme weather suggest that public concern about climate impacts reflects genuine public health challenges warranting policy attention and resource allocation for adaptation and mitigation strategies.

South Australian bus ads misled public by claiming gas is ‘clean and green’, regulator finds

Ads to be removed from Adelaide Metro buses after advertising regulator rules they breach its environmental claims codeSign up for climate and environment editor Adam Morton’s free Clear Air newsletter hereSouth Australia’s transport department misled the public by running ads on buses claiming “natural gas” was “clean and green”, the advertising regulator has found.The SA Department for Transport and Infrastructure has agreed to remove the advertising that has been on some Adelaide Metro buses since the early 2000s after Ad Standards upheld a complaint from the not-for-profit organisation Comms Declare.Sign up to get climate and environment editor Adam Morton’s Clear Air column as a free newsletter Continue reading...

South Australia’s transport department misled the public by running ads on buses claiming “natural gas” was “clean and green”, the advertising regulator has found.The SA Department for Transport and Infrastructure has agreed to remove the advertising that has been on some Adelaide Metro buses since the early 2000s after Ad Standards upheld a complaint from the not-for-profit organisation Comms Declare.The ads have appeared on the side of buses that run on “compressed natural gas”, or CNG. In its complaint, Comms Declare said describing gas as clean and green was false and misleading as it suggested the fuel had a neutral or positive impact on the environment and was less harmful than alternatives.It said in reality gas was mostly composed of methane, a short-lived but potent fossil fuel.The Ad Standards panel agreed the ads breached three sections of its environmental claims code.It said CNG buses were originally introduced to provide more environmentally responsible transport than diesel buses, but transport solutions had evolved dramatically over the past 20 years and now included cleaner electric, hydrogen and hybrid alternatives.Comms Declare said multiple studies from across the globe had found buses that ran on CNG resulted in a roughly similar amount of greenhouse gas emissions being released into the atmosphere as buses that ran on diesel. It highlighted Adelaide Metro was now replacing its bus fleet with electric vehicles that it described as “better for the environment”.skip past newsletter promotionSign up to Clear Air AustraliaAdam Morton brings you incisive analysis about the politics and impact of the climate crisisPrivacy Notice: Newsletters may contain information about charities, online ads, and content funded by outside parties. If you do not have an account, we will create a guest account for you on theguardian.com to send you this newsletter. You can complete full registration at any time. For more information about how we use your data see our Privacy Policy. We use Google reCaptcha to protect our website and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.after newsletter promotionComms Declare’s founder, Belinda Noble, said the decision was “another warning to any advertisers that want to make claims about gas products being good for the environment”. She said it followed similar rulings against Hancock Prospecting and Australian Gas Networks ads.“Methane gas creates toxic pollution at all stages of its production and use and is a major cause of global heating,” Noble said.Ad Standards said the Department for Transport and Infrastructure had “reviewed the decision and will take the appropriate action to remedy the issue in the near future”.A department spokesperson said it had received a direction from the Ad Standards panel to remove messaging from “a small number” of Adelaide Metro buses.The spokesperson argued that CNG was a “cleaner burning alternative to diesel” when it was purchased, offering about a 13% cut in greenhouse gas emissions and a “considerable reduction in harmful emissions” of carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and particulates.

What’s the best way to expand the US electricity grid?

A study by MIT researchers illuminates choices about reliability, cost, and emissions.

Growing energy demand means the U.S. will almost certainly have to expand its electricity grid in coming years. What’s the best way to do this? A new study by MIT researchers examines legislation introduced in Congress and identifies relative tradeoffs involving reliability, cost, and emissions, depending on the proposed approach.The researchers evaluated two policy approaches to expanding the U.S. electricity grid: One would concentrate on regions with more renewable energy sources, and the other would create more interconnections across the country. For instance, some of the best untapped wind-power resources in the U.S. lie in the center of the country, so one type of grid expansion would situate relatively more grid infrastructure in those regions. Alternatively, the other scenario involves building more infrastructure everywhere in roughly equal measure, which the researchers call the “prescriptive” approach. How does each pencil out?After extensive modeling, the researchers found that a grid expansion could make improvements on all fronts, with each approach offering different advantages. A more geographically unbalanced grid buildout would be 1.13 percent less expensive, and would reduce carbon emissions by 3.65 percent compared to the prescriptive approach. And yet, the prescriptive approach, with more national interconnection, would significantly reduce power outages due to extreme weather, among other things.“There’s a tradeoff between the two things that are most on policymakers’ minds: cost and reliability,” says Christopher Knittel, an economist at the MIT Sloan School of Management, who helped direct the research. “This study makes it more clear that the more prescriptive approach ends up being better in the face of extreme weather and outages.”The paper, “Implications of Policy-Driven Transmission Expansion on Costs, Emissions and Reliability in the United States,” is published today in Nature Energy.The authors are Juan Ramon L. Senga, a postdoc in the MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research; Audun Botterud, a principal research scientist in the MIT Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems; John E. Parson, the deputy director for research at MIT’s Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research; Drew Story, the managing director at MIT’s Policy Lab; and Knittel, who is the George P. Schultz Professor at MIT Sloan, and associate dean for climate and sustainability at MIT.The new study is a product of the MIT Climate Policy Center, housed within MIT Sloan and committed to bipartisan research on energy issues. The center is also part of the Climate Project at MIT, founded in 2024 as a high-level Institute effort to develop practical climate solutions.In this case, the project was developed from work the researchers did with federal lawmakers who have introduced legislation aimed at bolstering and expanding the U.S. electric grid. One of these bills, the BIG WIRES Act, co-sponsored by Sen. John Hickenlooper of Colorado and Rep. Scott Peters of California, would require each transmission region in the U.S. to be able to send at least 30 percent of its peak load to other regions by 2035.That would represent a substantial change for a national transmission scenario where grids have largely been developed regionally, without an enormous amount of national oversight.“The U.S. grid is aging and it needs an upgrade,” Senga says. “Implementing these kinds of policies is an important step for us to get to that future where we improve the grid, lower costs, lower emissions, and improve reliability. Some progress is better than none, and in this case, it would be important.”To conduct the study, the researchers looked at how policies like the BIG WIRES Act would affect energy distribution. The scholars used a model of energy generation developed at the MIT Energy Initiative — the model is called “Gen X” — and examined the changes proposed by the legislation.With a 30 percent level of interregional connectivity, the study estimates, the number of outages due to extreme cold would drop by 39 percent, for instance, a substantial increase in reliability. That would help avoid scenarios such as the one Texas experienced in 2021, when winter storms damaged distribution capacity.“Reliability is what we find to be most salient to policymakers,” Senga says.On the other hand, as the paper details, a future grid that is “optimized” with more transmission capacity near geographic spots of new energy generation would be less expensive.“On the cost side, this kind of optimized system looks better,” Senga says.A more geographically imbalanced grid would also have a greater impact on reducing emissions. Globally, the levelized cost of wind and solar dropped by 89 percent and 69 percent, respectively, from 2010 to 2022, meaning that incorporating less-expensive renewables into the grid would help with both cost and emissions.“On the emissions side, a priori it’s not clear the optimized system would do better, but it does,” Knittel says. “That’s probably tied to cost, in the sense that it’s building more transmission links to where the good, cheap renewable resources are, because they’re cheap. Emissions fall when you let the optimizing action take place.”To be sure, these two differing approaches to grid expansion are not the only paths forward. The study also examines a hybrid approach, which involves both national interconnectivity requirements and local buildouts based around new power sources on top of that. Still, the model does show that there may be some tradeoffs lawmakers will want to consider when developing and considering future grid legislation.“You can find a balance between these factors, where you’re still going to still have an increase in reliability while also getting the cost and emission reductions,” Senga observes.For his part, Knittel emphasizes that working with legislation as the basis for academic studies, while not generally common, can be productive for everyone involved. Scholars get to apply their research tools and models to real-world scenarios, and policymakers get a sophisticated evaluation of how their proposals would work.“Compared to the typical academic path to publication, this is different, but at the Climate Policy Center, we’re already doing this kind of research,” Knittel says. 

UK farmers lose £800m after heat and drought cause one of worst harvests on record

Many now concerned about ability to make living in fast-changing climate after one of worst grain harvests recordedRecord heat and drought cost Britain’s arable farmers more than £800m in lost production in 2025 in one of the worst harvests recorded, analysis has estimated.Three of the five worst harvests on record have now occurred since 2020, leaving some farmers asking whether the growing impacts of the climate crisis are making it too financially risky to sow their crops. Farmers are already facing heavy financial pressure as the costs of fertilisers and other inputs have risen faster than prices. Continue reading...

Record heat and drought cost Britain’s arable farmers more than £800m in lost production in 2025 in one of the worst harvests recorded, analysis has estimated.Three of the five worst harvests on record have now occurred since 2020, leaving some farmers asking whether the growing impacts of the climate crisis are making it too financially risky to sow their crops. Farmers are already facing heavy financial pressure as the costs of fertilisers and other inputs have risen faster than prices.This year Britain had the hottest and driest spring on record, and the hottest summer, with drought conditions widespread. As a result, the production of the five staple arable crops – wheat, oats, spring and winter barley, and oilseed rape – fell by 20% compared with the 10-year average, according to the analysis by the Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit (ECIU). The harvest in England was the second-worst in records going back to 1984.Supercharged by global heating, extreme rainfall in the winters of 2019-20 and 2023-24 also led to very poor harvests, as farmers were unable to access waterlogged and flooded fields to drill their crops.“This has been another torrid year for many farmers in the UK, with the pendulum swinging from too wet to too hot and dry,” said Tom Lancaster at the ECIU. “British farmers have once again been left counting the costs of climate change, with four-fifths now concerned about their ability to make a living due to the fast-changing climate.”He added: “There is an urgent need to ensure farmers are better supported to adapt to these climate shocks and build their resilience as the bedrock of our food security. In this context, the delays [by ministers] to the relaunch of vital green farming schemes are the last thing the industry needs.” The sustainable farming incentive was closed in March.Many farmers are struggling to break even and some blame environmental policies, but Lancaster said: “The evidence suggests that climate impacts are what’s actually driving issues of profitability, certainly in the arable sector, as opposed to policy change. Without reaching net zero emission there is no way to limit the impacts making food production in the UK ever more difficult.”David Lord, an arable farmer from Essex, said: “As a farmer, I’m used to taking the rough with the smooth, but recent years have seen near constant extreme rainfall, heat and drought. It’s getting to the point with climate change where I can’t take the risk of investing in a new crop of wheat or barley because the return on that investment is just so uncertain.“Green farming schemes are a vital lifeline for me, helping build my resilience to these shocks whilst providing cashflow to help buffer me financially.”Green farming approaches include planting winter cover crops. These increase resilience by boosting the organic content of soil, meaning it can retain water better during droughts. Cover crops can also help break up compacted soil, allowing it to drain better during wet periods.The ECIU analysis used production data for England published in October and current grain prices and then extrapolated it to the UK as a whole, a method shown to be reliable in previous years. Since 2020, which was the worst harvest on record, lost revenue associated with the impact of extreme weather is now more than £2bn for UK arable farmers. Grain prices are set globally, so low harvests in the UK do not translate in the market to higher prices.The link between worsening extreme weather and global heating is increasingly clear. The Met Office said the UK summer of 2025 was the hottest in more than a century of records and was made 70 times more probable because of the climate crisis. Global heating also made the severe rainfall in the winter storms of 2023-24 about 20% heavier.“This year’s harvest was extremely challenging,” said Jamie Burrows, the chair of the National Farmers’ Union combinable crops board. “Growing crops in the UK isn’t easy due to the unpredictable weather we are seeing more of. Funding is needed for climate adaptation and resilient crop varieties to safeguard our ability to feed the nation.”The price of some foods hit by extreme weather are rising more than four times faster than others in the average shop, the ECIU reported in October. It found the price of butter, beef, milk, coffee and chocolate had risen by an average of 15.6% over the year, compared with 2.8% for other food and drink.Drought in the UK led to poor grass growth, hitting butter and beef production, while extreme heat and rain in west Africa pushed up cocoa prices and droughts in Brazil and Vietnam led to a surge in coffee prices.A spokesperson for the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs said farmers were stewards of the nation’s food security. “We know there are challenges in the sector and weather extremes have affected harvests,” she said. “We are backing our farmers in the face of a changing climate with the largest nature-friendly farming budget in history to grow their businesses and get more British food on our plates.”

Realtors just forced Zillow to hide a key piece of information about buying a home. Here’s why

Until recently, when you looked at a house for sale on Zillow, you could see property-specific scores for the risk of flooding, wildfires, wind from storms and hurricanes, extreme heat, and air quality. The numbers came from First Street, a nonprofit that uses peer-reviewed methodologies to calculate “climate risk.” But Zillow recently removed those scores after pressure from CRMLS, one of the large real-estate listing services that supplies its data. “The reality is these models have been around for over five years,” says Matthew Eby, CEO of First Street, which also provides its data to sites like Realtor.com and Redfin. (Zillow started displaying the information in 2024, but Realtor.com incorporated First Street’s “Flood Scores” in 2020.) “And what’s happened is the market’s gotten very tight. And now they’re looking for ways to try and make it easier to sell homes at the expense of homebuyers.” The California Regional MLS, like others across the country, controls the database that feeds real estate listings to sites like Zillow. The organization said in a statement to the New York Times that it was “suspicious” after seeing predictions of high flood risk in areas that hadn’t flooded in the past. When Fast Company asked for an example of a location, they pointed to a neighborhood in Huntington Beach—but that area actually just flooded last week. In a statement, First Street said that it stands behind the accuracy of its scores. “Our models are built on transparent, peer-reviewed science and are continuously validated against real-world outcomes. In the CRMLS coverage area, during the Los Angeles wildfires, our maps identified over 90% of the homes that ultimately burned as being at severe or extreme risk—our highest risk rating—and 100% as having some level of risk, significantly outperforming CalFire’s official state hazard maps. So when claims are made that our models are inaccurate, we ask for evidence. To date, all the empirical validation shows our science is working as designed and providing better risk insight than the tools the industry has relied on historically.” Zillow’s trust in the data has not changed, and that data is important to consumers: In one survey, it saw that more than 80% of buyers considered the data when shopping for a house. But the company said in a statement that it updated its “climate risk product experience to adhere to varying MLS requirements.” It’s not clear exactly what happened: In response to questions for this story, CRMLS now says it only asked Zillow to remove “predictive numbers” and flood map layers on listings, while Zillow says the MLS board voted to demand they block all of the data. It’s also not clear what would have happened if Zillow hadn’t made any changes, though in theory, the MLS could have stopped giving the site access to its listings. Images of Zillow’s climate risk tools from a 2024 press release [Image: Zillow] Zillow still links to First Street’s website in each listing, so homebuyers can access the information, but it’s less easy to find. The site also still includes a map that consumers can use to view overall neighborhood risk, if they take the extra step to click on checkboxes for flooding, fire, or other hazards. But the main scores are gone. Obviously, seeing that a particular house has a high flood risk or fire risk can hurt sales. Nevertheless, after First Street first launched, the National Association of Realtors put out guidance saying that the information was useful—and that since realtors aren’t experts in things like flood risk, they shouldn’t try to tell buyers themselves that a particular house is safe, even if it hasn’t flooded in the past. First Street’s flood data goes further than that of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, which uses outdated flood maps. It also incorporates more climate predictions, along with the risk of flooding from heavy rainfall and surface runoff, not just flooding from rivers or the coast. And it includes predictions of small amounts of flooding (for example, whether an inch of water is likely to reach the property). Buyers can dig deeper to figure out how much that amount of flooding might affect a particular house. It’s not surprising that some high risk scores have upset home sellers who haven’t experienced flooding or other problems in the past. But as the climate changes, past experiences don’t guarantee what a property will be like for the next 30 years. Take the example of North Carolina, where some residents hadn’t ever experienced flooding until Hurricane Helene dumped unprecedented rainfall on their neighborhoods. Redfin, another site that uses the data, plans to continue providing it, though sellers have the option to ask for it to be removed from a particular home if they believe it’s inaccurate. (First Street also allows homeowners to ask for their data to be revised if there’s a problem, and then reviews the accuracy.) “Redfin will continue to provide the best-possible estimates of the risks of fires, floods, and storms,” Redfin chief economist Daryl Fairweather said in a statement. “Homebuyers want to know, because losing a home in a catastrophe is heartbreaking, and insuring against these risks is getting more and more expensive.” Realtor.com is working with CRMLS and data providers to look into the issues raised by the MLS over the scores. “We aim to balance transparency about the evolving environmental risks to what is often a family’s biggest investment, with an understanding that the available data can sometimes be limited,” the company said in a statement. “For this reason we always encourage consumers to consult a local real estate professional for guidance or to learn more. When issues are raised, we work with our data partners to review them and make updates when appropriate.” If more real estate sites take down the scores, it’s likely that some buyers won’t see the information at all. First Street says that while it’s good that Zillow still includes a link to its site, the impact is real. “Whenever you add friction into something, it just is used less,” Eby says. “And so not having that information at the tip of your fingers is definitely going to have an impact on the millions of people that go to Zillow every day to see it.”

Until recently, when you looked at a house for sale on Zillow, you could see property-specific scores for the risk of flooding, wildfires, wind from storms and hurricanes, extreme heat, and air quality. The numbers came from First Street, a nonprofit that uses peer-reviewed methodologies to calculate “climate risk.” But Zillow recently removed those scores after pressure from CRMLS, one of the large real-estate listing services that supplies its data. “The reality is these models have been around for over five years,” says Matthew Eby, CEO of First Street, which also provides its data to sites like Realtor.com and Redfin. (Zillow started displaying the information in 2024, but Realtor.com incorporated First Street’s “Flood Scores” in 2020.) “And what’s happened is the market’s gotten very tight. And now they’re looking for ways to try and make it easier to sell homes at the expense of homebuyers.” The California Regional MLS, like others across the country, controls the database that feeds real estate listings to sites like Zillow. The organization said in a statement to the New York Times that it was “suspicious” after seeing predictions of high flood risk in areas that hadn’t flooded in the past. When Fast Company asked for an example of a location, they pointed to a neighborhood in Huntington Beach—but that area actually just flooded last week. In a statement, First Street said that it stands behind the accuracy of its scores. “Our models are built on transparent, peer-reviewed science and are continuously validated against real-world outcomes. In the CRMLS coverage area, during the Los Angeles wildfires, our maps identified over 90% of the homes that ultimately burned as being at severe or extreme risk—our highest risk rating—and 100% as having some level of risk, significantly outperforming CalFire’s official state hazard maps. So when claims are made that our models are inaccurate, we ask for evidence. To date, all the empirical validation shows our science is working as designed and providing better risk insight than the tools the industry has relied on historically.” Zillow’s trust in the data has not changed, and that data is important to consumers: In one survey, it saw that more than 80% of buyers considered the data when shopping for a house. But the company said in a statement that it updated its “climate risk product experience to adhere to varying MLS requirements.” It’s not clear exactly what happened: In response to questions for this story, CRMLS now says it only asked Zillow to remove “predictive numbers” and flood map layers on listings, while Zillow says the MLS board voted to demand they block all of the data. It’s also not clear what would have happened if Zillow hadn’t made any changes, though in theory, the MLS could have stopped giving the site access to its listings. Images of Zillow’s climate risk tools from a 2024 press release [Image: Zillow] Zillow still links to First Street’s website in each listing, so homebuyers can access the information, but it’s less easy to find. The site also still includes a map that consumers can use to view overall neighborhood risk, if they take the extra step to click on checkboxes for flooding, fire, or other hazards. But the main scores are gone. Obviously, seeing that a particular house has a high flood risk or fire risk can hurt sales. Nevertheless, after First Street first launched, the National Association of Realtors put out guidance saying that the information was useful—and that since realtors aren’t experts in things like flood risk, they shouldn’t try to tell buyers themselves that a particular house is safe, even if it hasn’t flooded in the past. First Street’s flood data goes further than that of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, which uses outdated flood maps. It also incorporates more climate predictions, along with the risk of flooding from heavy rainfall and surface runoff, not just flooding from rivers or the coast. And it includes predictions of small amounts of flooding (for example, whether an inch of water is likely to reach the property). Buyers can dig deeper to figure out how much that amount of flooding might affect a particular house. It’s not surprising that some high risk scores have upset home sellers who haven’t experienced flooding or other problems in the past. But as the climate changes, past experiences don’t guarantee what a property will be like for the next 30 years. Take the example of North Carolina, where some residents hadn’t ever experienced flooding until Hurricane Helene dumped unprecedented rainfall on their neighborhoods. Redfin, another site that uses the data, plans to continue providing it, though sellers have the option to ask for it to be removed from a particular home if they believe it’s inaccurate. (First Street also allows homeowners to ask for their data to be revised if there’s a problem, and then reviews the accuracy.) “Redfin will continue to provide the best-possible estimates of the risks of fires, floods, and storms,” Redfin chief economist Daryl Fairweather said in a statement. “Homebuyers want to know, because losing a home in a catastrophe is heartbreaking, and insuring against these risks is getting more and more expensive.” Realtor.com is working with CRMLS and data providers to look into the issues raised by the MLS over the scores. “We aim to balance transparency about the evolving environmental risks to what is often a family’s biggest investment, with an understanding that the available data can sometimes be limited,” the company said in a statement. “For this reason we always encourage consumers to consult a local real estate professional for guidance or to learn more. When issues are raised, we work with our data partners to review them and make updates when appropriate.” If more real estate sites take down the scores, it’s likely that some buyers won’t see the information at all. First Street says that while it’s good that Zillow still includes a link to its site, the impact is real. “Whenever you add friction into something, it just is used less,” Eby says. “And so not having that information at the tip of your fingers is definitely going to have an impact on the millions of people that go to Zillow every day to see it.”

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