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LISTEN: Greer Hamilton on arts-based environmental justice research

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Wednesday, April 24, 2024

Dr. Greer Hamilton joins the Agents of Change in Environmental Justice podcast to discuss how she uses the arts to engage and involve communities around environmental justice research.Hamilton, a transitional postdoctoral fellow and incoming assistant professor at the University of Michigan School of Social Work, is a current fellow in the Agents of Change program. She also talks about how she found her passion in social work, her activism on reproductive justice, tips on meaningfully involving communities in research, and some of her favorite spots in Detroit.The Agents of Change in Environmental Justice podcast is a biweekly podcast featuring the stories and big ideas from past and present fellows, as well as others in the field. You can see all of the past episodes here.Listen below to our discussion with Hamilton, and subscribe to the podcast at iTunes or Spotify. Agents of Change in Environmental Justice · Greer Hamilton on arts-based environmental justice researchTranscript Brian BienkowskiHello and welcome back to the Agents of Change in Environmental Justice podcast, a partnership between Environmental Health News and Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health. I'm your host, Brian Bienkowski, editor of Agents of Change and senior editor at Environmental Health News. Welcome back to all of our regular listeners, and welcome to anybody new. We are here every two weeks talking to up-and-coming and established leaders in environmental justice. Please find us wherever you get your podcasts and please subscribe. Well, I am so excited for today's episode. Last month, our leadership team traveled to Philly and we met our fifth cohort fellows. And today we have our very first guest from this latest round of environmental justice rockstars that we are working with. today's guests is Dr. Greer Hamilton, a transitional Postdoctoral Fellow and incoming assistant professor at the University of Michigan School of Social Work. Greer is doing fascinating work, she talks about how she got into social work, tips on meaningfully engaging communities in your research, what it means to be an art space researcher, and what changes she would like to see in the field of social work. And just a quick warning that we nerd out on Detroit a little bit here and there. But I'm sure you're all used to me doing that every time we have a Detroit-based guest. Enjoy. All right, I am super excited to be joined by our very first fellow from this cohort to join me on the podcast. Greer Hamilton. Greer, how are you doing today?Greer Hamilton I'm doing well. How are you?Brian Bienkowski I'm doing great. We won't talk about all the technical difficulties that we had before we connected now they don't need to know about that. So where are you today?Greer Hamilton I'm in Detroit, Michigan.Brian Bienkowski Detroit, Michigan. As all the listeners know, that is a place very near and dear to my heart. So I'm glad you're down there. In fact, when we met and you told me where you're at down there, I was looking around a little bit. And it's not too far from some of my old house. So I'm hoping to come visit you sometime. But you of course did not grow up in Detroit. You're there now for schooling and such. So you mostly grew up in New York state, from what I understand. So can you tell me a bit about your upbringing and where the interest in the environment and health came into your life?Greer Hamilton Yeah, so you're right, I mostly grew up on Long Island, in a town called Limbrick. But I also spent eight or so years of my childhood living in Alabama, where my mother's family is from. And to be honest, I think environment and health issues really didn't kind of come to the focus until college. And when I started taking a lot more interest in like thinking more about like, you know, the saying of like, "oh, well zip codes matter."– like, we're zip code is can like be a big proxy for like other things. Like that was kind of like the thing that like made me want to think more about environmental and health issues. And I know I mentioned this at like the retreat, but like, one of the things that kind of came full circle to me was about like my town Valley Stream on Long Island being a sundowntown. And how almost kind of short sighted like that zip code as proxy statement is because right zip codes aren't the things that matter. Right? Those other factors, right, like racism or other structural issues are the things that create, right, zip codes mattering. And so like when I kind of started making those connections, I began to become more interested in like, how does like a public park or like how to neighborhood, right? factor into like, our conversation about environment and health, and what do they do? You know, in terms of people's well being.Brian Bienkowski Can you explain to listeners what a sundown town is?Greer Hamilton Yeah, they were pretty prevalent between like, 1940 and 1960 throughout the country you know. Like, we talk poorly about the South, but like, they were in northern places like New York, and they were towns that were predominantly white. And after sundown, they were locations where non-white people were meant to not be and sometimes they were were murdered right for being in the town after sundown. Or they were chased out. But they're just like really, like harmful relics, right of that that time period.Brian Bienkowski You say relics, but men, if you think about the, you know, the 40s to the 60s, I mean, that was long ago, but it's not that long ago. I mean, that's grandparents and stuff, you know, that were around then so that is you know, and being in Detroit there I often think of the zip code that always gets thrown out is 48217 –I have it memorized because that is southwest Detroit – and they deal with some of the worst air in the city and in the state and in the country. So the there's been a lot written and talked about, not too far from you right there a zip code that is really determinant of people's health. So. So you went on to get a dual bachelor's and master's degree at the University of Buffalo. So what was it about social work as a career that spoke to you?Greer Hamilton Yeah, to be honest, my parents went through a divorce in high school, and I went to a social worker. And it was, at the time like thinking about going into pre med. I always kind of planned to be a medical doctor. And, but at the time, my life cannot imagine also doing that. And I was talking to my social worker about like, her job, and like, what were those opportunities, and she thought social work could be a good option for me, because it was still helping. And it's also a really broad profession, right? So I could still, you know, be interested in health and, and make a career out of that. And so that's kind of what like pushed me into social work and found it and then like, really developed like a love and appreciation for it.Brian Bienkowski That is so cool. That you know, in pursuing support for yourself, you not only found support, but a career, passion. That is that is really cool and turned something that was maybe difficult, into, you know, something that is very, it's very positive now, so very cool. I've been asking everybody this, what is a moment or event that has shaped your identity up to this point? I know, that's big and unwieldy.Greer Hamilton Yeah, I'm thinking about this. And I think in my master's program, one that sticks out to me was, I worked in a student-run health clinic on the east side of Buffalo, which is a predominantly Black part of the city. And in my experience, it was really interesting because, right, I had to reflect on my blackness, right. And like about also my privileges, because I grew up middle middle class, and we were working with people who were uninsured and low income. And, you know, they saw me as like a similar person to them. And also, they were things that really like I didn't share in terms of like lived experience. But also it like made me really want to, like pursue research, right, related to health. And so I think at that time, it was like, you know, about a year of working every Wednesday night and this clinic, but it was really cool to work with, like medical doctors and community members to like, try to figure out ways to improve their, their health and well being.Brian Bienkowski So this leads me really nicely in my next question, so before you returned to get your PhD was, which is where you're at now, you were, you know, working in social work in Buffalo, and I know this was meaningful, obviously, to you. But can you talk about why you wanted to get your PhD? why research spoke to you as something that you could maybe do more good, or, you know, additional good in this space?Greer Hamilton Yeah. Um, so after my master's, I went on to work at a nonprofit that was focused on actually increasing representation of non-white and low-income people in health professions, including social work and medicine. And then after that, did some work with a local foundation, doing community capacity building work with nonprofits. And in both of those experiences, both program managing a nonprofit and working with other nonprofits, I realized how there was like this weird cyclical kind of nature of like funding and research where nonprofits needed funding funders wanted research or evaluation. But those nonprofits didn't have either the staff person or the money, right to then go out and do research or evaluation. And so then it ended up putting large organizations that had that type of resource ahead, right, and then smaller, more grassroots organizations behind. And so I was like, "Oh, well, I like research will maybe this is something I could pursue, and then eventually come back with it to Buffalo or somewhere else and be that person who can provide that type of research or evaluation, support to organizations that they can do more," right? and get the funding they need in order to do the great work that they were doing.Brian Bienkowski So you went from one, Rust Belt city to another. And we talked about our love of rust belt cities, and I have a soft spot in my heart for Buffalo. I used to really like the Buffalo Bills football team when I was okay. And now you know, of course, the Lions because that's where I'm from, but it's just really cool to be working in those in those cities. I just find them fascinating, the kind of industrial history and all of that, and you mentioned something there that I want to just talk to you a little bit about and that's representation in healthcare settings, kind of having non-white representation. Can you talk about maybe an example or just why that's important, what that means to people to go into, you know, what can be kind of a vulnerable setting and see people like them or at least see people that represent their community?Greer Hamilton Yeah. I think like it also I think ties back to this my interest in like history and its relationship to health because I think, right, so much of like the current conversations about Black people in healthcare settings are about how medical doctors often don't like consider them capable of pain, right? And like that has kind of shown up in maternal mortality related situations recently, and how all of those things are like so directly tied back to our history of enslavement in this country. And so I think when people –and I can speak for myself– and I am able to find a Black doctor who is truly able to kind of understand that history, but also to be like, the one to ask more questions, right? And not assume that like, because I have a PhD or because of certain things that like maybe I'm not capable of experiencing certain issues, the person like to ask those questions just really matters. And so I think it's sometimes helpful to have a person who is like you in some way, and being your care provider or kind of being another person in your life.Brian Bienkowski So you've been doing a lot of your research is fascinating. And the way you put your research out is fascinating. And when I read your application, I think it's okay for me to admit that you are the one that I was telling the staff like, "No, we need her. She's, she's part of this cohort." I was really excited because you're doing a lot of cool stuff. And I want to get into that. But let's start first kind of take a step back and talk about the research that you're doing so. And you're also again, into unique ways of communicating it. So can you tell me about the research, you're co-leading looking at indoor air pollution in affordable housing and transportation pollution in the Boston area? What are you all doing and what have you found so far?Greer Hamilton Yeah, so our affordable housing project wrapped up last year was called Stainable air quality in affordable housing, and it was with engineering researchers at Tufts University. And I worked with them over the past four or five years. And then collectively, those engineers and Alok Shuhada and John Durant, and I applied for a grant with this group called Mystic River Watershed Association. And we have now a community-based air quality study in East Boston, Charlestown, Everett, and Malden to monitor the air quality over three years, and then to also work with residents to understand their own understandings of air quality, and how it's affected them. We chose those four communities because they are communities that are most overburdened by air pollution, because of where the highways are, the airport, and also they have the most are like they have a large population of non-white and linguistically-isolated people. And so they're often not represented in in this type of research. But should be, right? And so I think that's what we're trying to kind of do in our work. It's a community-engaged study that goes through 2026. And I hope to do all the community engaged research, which is, you know, exciting, and fun.Brian Bienkowski Yeah, before we get into some of that outreach, have there been Do you have findings yet? Have you looked at kind of air quality and seen, you know, bad things in the air compared to other neighborhoods and stuff? Are there any findings? Oh, yeah.Greer Hamilton Not from our project. But like Boston has done a lot of air quality research over the past 10 years or so. So there is some research like, I always forget the acronym but or like the full name, but it's called Cafe, there was a study done in Chinatown, right? where they found that people living in Chinatown, right were greatly affected by air quality. And also then didn't have like the resources to monitor or to do some of the mitigation strategies. So Chinatown has been doing a lot of research in those years following. For our project we started last April. So we have some preliminary survey data that finds that like a lot of people are concerned about air pollution, but either don't understand what are the sources of pollutants, or don't understand what to do to make improvements, right, whether that is by personal behavior changes, or advocacy work. And so that's kind of what we're hoping to do next.Brian Bienkowski We just did a big investigation, our newsroom with the Texas Tribune, looking at air quality in certain neighborhoods, certain Latino neighborhoods. And one of the things that we found was that even when there is data, it's not the first of all, it was often not in Spanish. And a lot of these are Spanish-speaking communities. And then you go to these websites, and I've been a reporter for a while and use the TRI from the EPA and stuff. And it's just a mess. I mean, you almost need a PhD to understand the data in the first place. So I think I really want to get at this kind of community engagement. And that's where a lot of your work comes in. So let's take this this study as a way to understand that, can you talk about your role in getting community members involved in the project, and making sure that they're engaged and aware of what you guys are finding and doing?Greer Hamilton Yeah. So the first kind of part of like our community engagement efforts were to develop a community advisory board. This is an 11 person board that is made up of young people under 18 and adults who live in those four communities. They are people who are not researchers, they are moms, they are nurses, they are students, right? And we really wanted to prioritize people who live there, and had lived there for a long time. And in order to kind of like contextualize the research that we're doing. We meet with them quarterly, and they give us guidance on kind of all facets of our work. We also have a community survey that is out, I'm in all four communities where we're asking people about, what is air quality to them? How do they know that poor air quality is occurring in their neighborhood? Is it smelling does it like look bad? and where are kind of the sites that they would want us to do follow up research in. And then we've also linked back to the language conversation you were just having have been really like intentional about making sure that our work is able to reach communities that we want. So we translate all of our work, whether that's the surveys to materials for like community meetings, into seven different languages including English, with the ones that are most represented by those four, so like Arabic, Haitian, Creole, Spanish, Portuguese, for example. And then we've also really been trying to, like build out like educational kind of workshop series for both our community advisory board members, but also residents. So we've been working with organizations to host like air quality one-on-one workshops, so they can like, start learning how to deconstruct the air quality data that we might be producing, and also to like, do like do DIY, kind of like air filtration types of projects. And then we're also beginning to offer your policy and advocacy trainings over the summer, so that our county advisory board members can then take that information back to their community, and really start to like work with other organizations around like, what are those strategies we want to implement? Knowing that policymakers right, have a lot of responsibility for regulating air pollution, whether it's like idling buses, or, you know, a truck, right, that stuck on the on the, on the 93, right? and so really kind of trying to work with residents around that. So those are some of the ways that we're thinking about community engagement.Brian Bienkowski That's really great. Because I mean, it takes everything from "Okay, let's find out what's in the air" all the way through to "Okay, now you are armed with this information here, we're going to train you to advocate for yourself." And I think making that holistic connection like that is, it's really exciting. It's really cool to hear about that. So what are some tips that you would have for other researchers who are trying to do this kind of community engagement, but are having trouble or finding people reluctant or busy? That's probably a big one, too. What are some tips you might have?Greer Hamilton I think you have to know that it's going to be slow from the very beginning. I work with people who wanted to communicate research, but don't want to invest the time. And you can't do this work without investing time. Time not only in like, learning what people's needs are, right? Like, let's say that like air pollution actually wasn't the top need for people like that means that we might have to shift right like kind of our priorities until we can get there. And it means like showing up to events that like you don't think are relevant to your work, right, like a block party, or you know, an event that's happening in a local college. And also listening, I think, like, my goal always is to do more listening than I am talking. So if a resident is telling me like something that matters to them, or something that like I've done that maybe was not in line of how they think it should be done. My job is not to like, talk down to them, right? Because I'm in a certain position and just to like, really listen and hear kind of what are the concerns that they're bringing up so that I can either shift what I'm doing or shift my thinking or approach around something.Brian Bienkowski And so you call yourself an arts-based researcher, which is, I love that title. I think it's really cool. And so can you give some examples of the ways that you used arts to engage with communities around environmental justice research and issues? And what are some artistic outlets or methods that you haven't used yet, but that you'd like to try?Greer Hamilton Yeah, so beginning of my PhD, I worked with students in the School of Arts to work on puppetry. So we made some stop motion work about green gentrification, which was kind of the environmental work that I was working on at that time. And it was really cool, because it was a really like disarming way of like talking about gentrification, which can be such a heavy topic. And people like, were able to kind of see like the horrors, right? of like, what happens when neighborhoods changed without people being able to participate in and then that shifted to my dissertation where I began to include more like visual arts and storytelling, so like doing like oral history collections, and like walking tours as a way to kind of engage people like, like in their total bodies around these topics. And then now, I have a small project that's working on a comic book and an animated film about transportation-related air pollution that we hope to kind of build out to like bleed into like, some curriculum for like K through 12 people in particular. But as a way to kind of start getting people to be aware of terms be aware of like air pollution and how it can like, affect them and even lead to like premature death, right? We want people to be more aware of like the health pieces. And you know, I think we've talked about this or I know we've talked about this, but like, also have interest in like soundscapes, and we'd love to, like think about how can we use soundscapes really to like traffic Navy, or just like the neat like nature, with electronic music or either like classic music, classical music. So it's like, uh, hopefully, within the next year, I can move into that. But those are some things I'm working on. But Fine Arts to be like a really great way to kind of communicate either environmental science or communicate like topics that people are thinking about, but maybe don't have like the language or are scared, right? to talk about it.Brian Bienkowski There's also I mean, we always hear growing up, or at least most of us did, that we all kind of learn differently. You know, some of us like to touch and get into stuff, some of us like to read or watch a YouTube video, whatever it is, and the you know, the soundscapes the one you mentioned, I am just very sensitive to audio, it really kind of resonates with me, it really... and in the kind of stuff that you're talking about, I actually, you know, I do some of that, like, you know, we talked about that. So I do think it's a really good way to kind of spread the message around in all these different ways. And who knows what's going to stick, right? Who knows what, how people learn and stuff? Where does that come from, where you always are the arts and kind of being creative, something that was prior to research, or did it kind of dovetail with some of this research that you're doing?Greer Hamilton It was prior to research, I like had a phase in like high school where I thought maybe I'll be a documentary filmmaker, and I took classes at NYU, they have a really great film school. And so it was like me, this will be what I will do, that did not obviously end up being what I'm doing. But it is a full circle thing to kind of come back to the arts now and include it in research.Brian Bienkowski And do you find that, you know, I don't know so much about your advisors, or how that works. But you know, I know just kind of historically, academia and stuff hasn't put a lot of, you know, it's like published in the journal and move on with your life kind of thing. Do you find that you're you're finding support, and that people are maybe kind of changing in that regard and open to kind of some of these different methods?Greer Hamilton I do. I do think that people are opening, becoming more open to arts. And that's why I ended up at University of Michigan. So they actually put out a call for arts-based research position last year when I was on the job market. And that was what drew me I was like, Oh, how cool it is to see a school like Michigan be interested, right in arts work. You know, I will also say that there are evolving flaws, right? Like they're like, right, because people have for so long thought of like research as like one thing and, and publishing as the only kind of output, right? Like, they are having to change kind of their own metrics to figure out how my work fits into that. But I will say they've been really supportive of like, encouraging of me, using the arts in my research. So I hope that more schools will, will do that.Brian Bienkowski And, you know, I have a brother in law, just as an example here, who wasn't really environmentally engaged. He's a tribal police officer up here. And he watched a documentary about I believe it was about dairy, I don't know what the documentary was about, he quit eating dairy. Like immediately, that was it like no more for him after he saw, I don't know if it was animal abuse, you know, some kind of animal rights issue. He's done. And it just spoke to me that like, oh, gosh, you can put all of the articles out in the world. And you can write all of the stories and send all of the tweets. But if you can find that kind of storytelling aspect, in this case, it was a really well-done documentary, I assume, I mean, it had a profound impact on his life. So I'm just such a, I'm just such a fan of this. And I'm really excited to see where you take some of this stuff. So, very cool. Another avenue that you're interested in, I know you have some different activist tendencies and things that you're very interested in. And I know reproductive justice is something that you're interested in, have engaged in, and it opened your eyes to the intersection of colonialism, capitalism, and environmental injustice, of course. So can you talk about your work in this space? And how it shows these issues as interconnected?Greer Hamilton Yeah, um, when I was in my master's program, that was actually my first research experience. I did abortion-access research with a professor, and this was before Roe vs. Wade was ended. And I learned like how profoundly like geographical location informs was people's access to abortion, right? So like people were having to travel really long, like distances in order to get an abortion, or like the wait times at the time. And I think for me, it really reinforced like the role of place in terms of health and environmental issues, that these are also the same communities that are likely to be overburdened or experienced overburdened by environmental toxins. And these are also the same people who are less likely to be able to access like a basic health care need, like an abortion. And I think it also was a good reminder that things like Roe versus Wade, which we you know, I think for a long time people kind of claimed was the ultimate dream of abortion rights actually had its flaws – like that people were not getting the care they needed. And so, you know, now that, you know, Roe versus Wade has been overturned, it's been even more kind of painful to see the ways in which geography informs people's or restricts people's right access to abortions, and how those geographical barriers are deeply tied right back to like colonialism and capitalism and racism, right, that those things were created intentionally right for people to not be able to access services that you need, whether it's like in their local area, or within a larger state. And so I'm hoping for more people to like, learn more about those barriers that people face, because it's not as easy as people think, to get an abortion, even in 2024. And even with like medical or abortion pills being readily available, right? those pills are also sometimes constrained right by location. So yeah, it's a issue that's really near and dear to my heart. And I'm glad to have seen over the past couple of years, people learn more about abortion restrictions in the country, and reproductive justice.Brian Bienkowski And it's another one of those really frustrating issues, I should say, as we speak right now, you know, Arizona just turned back the clock this week in such a archaic way, on this on this very issue and, and Florida, right. And it's one of those things, it's kind of like gun rights, where it's so frustrating that when you actually look at the, the electorate, you know, the it's not really that controversial of an issue, there really is kind of mostly broad support for this. And to see how our, you know, the system has been perverted in a way that allows people to make decisions for others is, is really something. But I think you're right, you have seen kind of a groundswell of awareness, if nothing else, after Roe fell. So I guess we will see what happens. Do you still is this work that you still engage in now that you're in Detroit and in Michigan? Are you too busy? No.Greer Hamilton Um, so I've been on the board of boards of abortion funds for the past couple years first of Eastern Massachusetts abortion fund. But now that I'm in Detroit, I'm with the Midwest Access Coalition, which is a practical support fund, actually, which people may not know about. But, um, practical support is to tends to be hotels, airfare, childcare, you know, food support, like the other things, right that, that people will require in order to access an abortion. And so I'm really proud of the work that Midwest Access Coalition does. And I'm just proud to be a board member. And also I will just put a plug it is funding season, it is the peer-to-peer fundraising campaign for abortion funds across the country and some international ones. But if you go to nn, like Nancy, a f.org, you will find or you should be able to find your local abortion fund. And they likely are having some sort of event or a fundraising effort for the next month or so. So a great time to give because people's money are drying up. And now that people have decided that the Roe decision no longer takes precedent.Brian Bienkowski Thank you so much for that it is a great time for people to get involved in this, especially, you know, as we head into another election season, and this is top of mind. Hopefully everybody can check that out. So when it comes to social work writ large here, what would you like to see change? I mean, I get the sense that you're you're wanting to do things a little bit differently than have been done historically. So what would you like to see the field change? And how do you see yourself as part of that change?Greer Hamilton Yeah, as much as I love social work, I find it to be a pretty a-historic profession. I think it often forgets like, context matters in terms of like, the social issues that we're working on. And so for me, I really try to include history as much as I can in my work. And so we'd love to see more social workers like integrating and interrogating our history and its relationship to other things. But also, I think we're sometimes reactionary in terms of our engagement with social action. Sometimes it is right like other people who start doing social actions. And then social work is like, "Oh, hey, actually, we should care about it." Environmental issues, I think being an example of this. And so would love to see more social workers just like less scared, right of what other social professionals right are thinking, counselor social work, and to be more, be more open right to like what what social it can be and the issues that we should be focused on. And to, like, take that risk of, of just being more vocal and more active in issues that matter to you, but also to your community.Brian Bienkowski I spoke to, I'm forgetting the fellow right now. But she was a city in this kind of City Planning and had a very similar response that there's, there's a tendency to want to stick within the what the professional parameters have always been, instead of kind of integrating yourself in the community. And I think there's I think there's definitely some lessons there. So this has been a largely positive conversation. But I know environmental justice is not positive all the time, even though we're seeing some progress. So what are you optimistic about?Greer Hamilton I am really proud of the students that are organizing at University of Michigan where I'm at, there's been a lot of like, attempt to like stop them from organizing, but they're making really crucial connections, right to militarization and militarization and how it relates to like environmental issues or public health issues. And I'm just like always deeply proud of young adults who are willing to kind of take risk, even when there are like potential harms, not only to like their physical body, but also to their ability to graduate. And so I think that makes me really optimistic.Brian Bienkowski Excellent. Well, now we get to do some of the fun stuff before we get you out of here. So I have three rapid-fire questions, and you can just give me one word, or a phrase. My favorite hangout in Detroit isGreer Hamilton Kitab coffee.Brian Bienkowski Oh, tell me about it. Where is it at?Greer Hamilton They may have on Hamtramck but they also just built one in Midtown. It's an Arab on coffee shop that just is doing really cool community based work and also has really good coffee.Brian Bienkowski So I think I've seen the one in Hamtramck is it wood paneled?Greer Hamilton Yeah, in Midtown too. It's just Edmonton. So okay.Brian Bienkowski Okay, so we're getting away in the weeds here. And you can tune out listeners for a second. But I've seen the one in Hamtramck because it's on my walk when I walk to cafe 1923 which is my coffee shop that I go to down there. So I will have to definitely try a new one. If I could have dinner with anyone in this can be living or past it would beGreer Hamilton Spike LeeBrian Bienkowski that's a fun one. My go to comfort musician or albumGreer Hamilton Lianne La Havas.Brian Bienkowski I don't know this one. Tell me about tell me about this person.Greer Hamilton She's from London. She has a really beautiful soulful voice and, and she got me through the pandemic. So it'sBrian Bienkowski High praise. Excellent. Well, I will definitely check her out. I've got two recommendations from this. So Greer, this has been a whole lot of fun. I'm really glad we got to connect. And hanging out with you in Philly. It was just, it was so much fun. There's never enough time at those retreats with everybody. And my last question before we get you out of here is what is the last book that you read for fun?Greer Hamilton The City of Dispossession, by Kyle T. Mays, you would also really like it. It's about indigenous andBblack history of Detroit. And just a really good read. Awesome.Brian Bienkowski Well, I'm gonna give a short plug for Book Suey is the bookstore in Hamtramck where I tried to get all my books, even though I live so far away from there now, but they carry a whole local section. So I'm hoping and it's in there next time I'm down there. And Greer, thank you so much for being here today. Thank you so much for your time, and I will talk to you soon.Greer Hamilton Take care.

Dr. Greer Hamilton joins the Agents of Change in Environmental Justice podcast to discuss how she uses the arts to engage and involve communities around environmental justice research.Hamilton, a transitional postdoctoral fellow and incoming assistant professor at the University of Michigan School of Social Work, is a current fellow in the Agents of Change program. She also talks about how she found her passion in social work, her activism on reproductive justice, tips on meaningfully involving communities in research, and some of her favorite spots in Detroit.The Agents of Change in Environmental Justice podcast is a biweekly podcast featuring the stories and big ideas from past and present fellows, as well as others in the field. You can see all of the past episodes here.Listen below to our discussion with Hamilton, and subscribe to the podcast at iTunes or Spotify. Agents of Change in Environmental Justice · Greer Hamilton on arts-based environmental justice researchTranscript Brian BienkowskiHello and welcome back to the Agents of Change in Environmental Justice podcast, a partnership between Environmental Health News and Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health. I'm your host, Brian Bienkowski, editor of Agents of Change and senior editor at Environmental Health News. Welcome back to all of our regular listeners, and welcome to anybody new. We are here every two weeks talking to up-and-coming and established leaders in environmental justice. Please find us wherever you get your podcasts and please subscribe. Well, I am so excited for today's episode. Last month, our leadership team traveled to Philly and we met our fifth cohort fellows. And today we have our very first guest from this latest round of environmental justice rockstars that we are working with. today's guests is Dr. Greer Hamilton, a transitional Postdoctoral Fellow and incoming assistant professor at the University of Michigan School of Social Work. Greer is doing fascinating work, she talks about how she got into social work, tips on meaningfully engaging communities in your research, what it means to be an art space researcher, and what changes she would like to see in the field of social work. And just a quick warning that we nerd out on Detroit a little bit here and there. But I'm sure you're all used to me doing that every time we have a Detroit-based guest. Enjoy. All right, I am super excited to be joined by our very first fellow from this cohort to join me on the podcast. Greer Hamilton. Greer, how are you doing today?Greer Hamilton I'm doing well. How are you?Brian Bienkowski I'm doing great. We won't talk about all the technical difficulties that we had before we connected now they don't need to know about that. So where are you today?Greer Hamilton I'm in Detroit, Michigan.Brian Bienkowski Detroit, Michigan. As all the listeners know, that is a place very near and dear to my heart. So I'm glad you're down there. In fact, when we met and you told me where you're at down there, I was looking around a little bit. And it's not too far from some of my old house. So I'm hoping to come visit you sometime. But you of course did not grow up in Detroit. You're there now for schooling and such. So you mostly grew up in New York state, from what I understand. So can you tell me a bit about your upbringing and where the interest in the environment and health came into your life?Greer Hamilton Yeah, so you're right, I mostly grew up on Long Island, in a town called Limbrick. But I also spent eight or so years of my childhood living in Alabama, where my mother's family is from. And to be honest, I think environment and health issues really didn't kind of come to the focus until college. And when I started taking a lot more interest in like thinking more about like, you know, the saying of like, "oh, well zip codes matter."– like, we're zip code is can like be a big proxy for like other things. Like that was kind of like the thing that like made me want to think more about environmental and health issues. And I know I mentioned this at like the retreat, but like, one of the things that kind of came full circle to me was about like my town Valley Stream on Long Island being a sundowntown. And how almost kind of short sighted like that zip code as proxy statement is because right zip codes aren't the things that matter. Right? Those other factors, right, like racism or other structural issues are the things that create, right, zip codes mattering. And so like when I kind of started making those connections, I began to become more interested in like, how does like a public park or like how to neighborhood, right? factor into like, our conversation about environment and health, and what do they do? You know, in terms of people's well being.Brian Bienkowski Can you explain to listeners what a sundown town is?Greer Hamilton Yeah, they were pretty prevalent between like, 1940 and 1960 throughout the country you know. Like, we talk poorly about the South, but like, they were in northern places like New York, and they were towns that were predominantly white. And after sundown, they were locations where non-white people were meant to not be and sometimes they were were murdered right for being in the town after sundown. Or they were chased out. But they're just like really, like harmful relics, right of that that time period.Brian Bienkowski You say relics, but men, if you think about the, you know, the 40s to the 60s, I mean, that was long ago, but it's not that long ago. I mean, that's grandparents and stuff, you know, that were around then so that is you know, and being in Detroit there I often think of the zip code that always gets thrown out is 48217 –I have it memorized because that is southwest Detroit – and they deal with some of the worst air in the city and in the state and in the country. So the there's been a lot written and talked about, not too far from you right there a zip code that is really determinant of people's health. So. So you went on to get a dual bachelor's and master's degree at the University of Buffalo. So what was it about social work as a career that spoke to you?Greer Hamilton Yeah, to be honest, my parents went through a divorce in high school, and I went to a social worker. And it was, at the time like thinking about going into pre med. I always kind of planned to be a medical doctor. And, but at the time, my life cannot imagine also doing that. And I was talking to my social worker about like, her job, and like, what were those opportunities, and she thought social work could be a good option for me, because it was still helping. And it's also a really broad profession, right? So I could still, you know, be interested in health and, and make a career out of that. And so that's kind of what like pushed me into social work and found it and then like, really developed like a love and appreciation for it.Brian Bienkowski That is so cool. That you know, in pursuing support for yourself, you not only found support, but a career, passion. That is that is really cool and turned something that was maybe difficult, into, you know, something that is very, it's very positive now, so very cool. I've been asking everybody this, what is a moment or event that has shaped your identity up to this point? I know, that's big and unwieldy.Greer Hamilton Yeah, I'm thinking about this. And I think in my master's program, one that sticks out to me was, I worked in a student-run health clinic on the east side of Buffalo, which is a predominantly Black part of the city. And in my experience, it was really interesting because, right, I had to reflect on my blackness, right. And like about also my privileges, because I grew up middle middle class, and we were working with people who were uninsured and low income. And, you know, they saw me as like a similar person to them. And also, they were things that really like I didn't share in terms of like lived experience. But also it like made me really want to, like pursue research, right, related to health. And so I think at that time, it was like, you know, about a year of working every Wednesday night and this clinic, but it was really cool to work with, like medical doctors and community members to like, try to figure out ways to improve their, their health and well being.Brian Bienkowski So this leads me really nicely in my next question, so before you returned to get your PhD was, which is where you're at now, you were, you know, working in social work in Buffalo, and I know this was meaningful, obviously, to you. But can you talk about why you wanted to get your PhD? why research spoke to you as something that you could maybe do more good, or, you know, additional good in this space?Greer Hamilton Yeah. Um, so after my master's, I went on to work at a nonprofit that was focused on actually increasing representation of non-white and low-income people in health professions, including social work and medicine. And then after that, did some work with a local foundation, doing community capacity building work with nonprofits. And in both of those experiences, both program managing a nonprofit and working with other nonprofits, I realized how there was like this weird cyclical kind of nature of like funding and research where nonprofits needed funding funders wanted research or evaluation. But those nonprofits didn't have either the staff person or the money, right to then go out and do research or evaluation. And so then it ended up putting large organizations that had that type of resource ahead, right, and then smaller, more grassroots organizations behind. And so I was like, "Oh, well, I like research will maybe this is something I could pursue, and then eventually come back with it to Buffalo or somewhere else and be that person who can provide that type of research or evaluation, support to organizations that they can do more," right? and get the funding they need in order to do the great work that they were doing.Brian Bienkowski So you went from one, Rust Belt city to another. And we talked about our love of rust belt cities, and I have a soft spot in my heart for Buffalo. I used to really like the Buffalo Bills football team when I was okay. And now you know, of course, the Lions because that's where I'm from, but it's just really cool to be working in those in those cities. I just find them fascinating, the kind of industrial history and all of that, and you mentioned something there that I want to just talk to you a little bit about and that's representation in healthcare settings, kind of having non-white representation. Can you talk about maybe an example or just why that's important, what that means to people to go into, you know, what can be kind of a vulnerable setting and see people like them or at least see people that represent their community?Greer Hamilton Yeah. I think like it also I think ties back to this my interest in like history and its relationship to health because I think, right, so much of like the current conversations about Black people in healthcare settings are about how medical doctors often don't like consider them capable of pain, right? And like that has kind of shown up in maternal mortality related situations recently, and how all of those things are like so directly tied back to our history of enslavement in this country. And so I think when people –and I can speak for myself– and I am able to find a Black doctor who is truly able to kind of understand that history, but also to be like, the one to ask more questions, right? And not assume that like, because I have a PhD or because of certain things that like maybe I'm not capable of experiencing certain issues, the person like to ask those questions just really matters. And so I think it's sometimes helpful to have a person who is like you in some way, and being your care provider or kind of being another person in your life.Brian Bienkowski So you've been doing a lot of your research is fascinating. And the way you put your research out is fascinating. And when I read your application, I think it's okay for me to admit that you are the one that I was telling the staff like, "No, we need her. She's, she's part of this cohort." I was really excited because you're doing a lot of cool stuff. And I want to get into that. But let's start first kind of take a step back and talk about the research that you're doing so. And you're also again, into unique ways of communicating it. So can you tell me about the research, you're co-leading looking at indoor air pollution in affordable housing and transportation pollution in the Boston area? What are you all doing and what have you found so far?Greer Hamilton Yeah, so our affordable housing project wrapped up last year was called Stainable air quality in affordable housing, and it was with engineering researchers at Tufts University. And I worked with them over the past four or five years. And then collectively, those engineers and Alok Shuhada and John Durant, and I applied for a grant with this group called Mystic River Watershed Association. And we have now a community-based air quality study in East Boston, Charlestown, Everett, and Malden to monitor the air quality over three years, and then to also work with residents to understand their own understandings of air quality, and how it's affected them. We chose those four communities because they are communities that are most overburdened by air pollution, because of where the highways are, the airport, and also they have the most are like they have a large population of non-white and linguistically-isolated people. And so they're often not represented in in this type of research. But should be, right? And so I think that's what we're trying to kind of do in our work. It's a community-engaged study that goes through 2026. And I hope to do all the community engaged research, which is, you know, exciting, and fun.Brian Bienkowski Yeah, before we get into some of that outreach, have there been Do you have findings yet? Have you looked at kind of air quality and seen, you know, bad things in the air compared to other neighborhoods and stuff? Are there any findings? Oh, yeah.Greer Hamilton Not from our project. But like Boston has done a lot of air quality research over the past 10 years or so. So there is some research like, I always forget the acronym but or like the full name, but it's called Cafe, there was a study done in Chinatown, right? where they found that people living in Chinatown, right were greatly affected by air quality. And also then didn't have like the resources to monitor or to do some of the mitigation strategies. So Chinatown has been doing a lot of research in those years following. For our project we started last April. So we have some preliminary survey data that finds that like a lot of people are concerned about air pollution, but either don't understand what are the sources of pollutants, or don't understand what to do to make improvements, right, whether that is by personal behavior changes, or advocacy work. And so that's kind of what we're hoping to do next.Brian Bienkowski We just did a big investigation, our newsroom with the Texas Tribune, looking at air quality in certain neighborhoods, certain Latino neighborhoods. And one of the things that we found was that even when there is data, it's not the first of all, it was often not in Spanish. And a lot of these are Spanish-speaking communities. And then you go to these websites, and I've been a reporter for a while and use the TRI from the EPA and stuff. And it's just a mess. I mean, you almost need a PhD to understand the data in the first place. So I think I really want to get at this kind of community engagement. And that's where a lot of your work comes in. So let's take this this study as a way to understand that, can you talk about your role in getting community members involved in the project, and making sure that they're engaged and aware of what you guys are finding and doing?Greer Hamilton Yeah. So the first kind of part of like our community engagement efforts were to develop a community advisory board. This is an 11 person board that is made up of young people under 18 and adults who live in those four communities. They are people who are not researchers, they are moms, they are nurses, they are students, right? And we really wanted to prioritize people who live there, and had lived there for a long time. And in order to kind of like contextualize the research that we're doing. We meet with them quarterly, and they give us guidance on kind of all facets of our work. We also have a community survey that is out, I'm in all four communities where we're asking people about, what is air quality to them? How do they know that poor air quality is occurring in their neighborhood? Is it smelling does it like look bad? and where are kind of the sites that they would want us to do follow up research in. And then we've also linked back to the language conversation you were just having have been really like intentional about making sure that our work is able to reach communities that we want. So we translate all of our work, whether that's the surveys to materials for like community meetings, into seven different languages including English, with the ones that are most represented by those four, so like Arabic, Haitian, Creole, Spanish, Portuguese, for example. And then we've also really been trying to, like build out like educational kind of workshop series for both our community advisory board members, but also residents. So we've been working with organizations to host like air quality one-on-one workshops, so they can like, start learning how to deconstruct the air quality data that we might be producing, and also to like, do like do DIY, kind of like air filtration types of projects. And then we're also beginning to offer your policy and advocacy trainings over the summer, so that our county advisory board members can then take that information back to their community, and really start to like work with other organizations around like, what are those strategies we want to implement? Knowing that policymakers right, have a lot of responsibility for regulating air pollution, whether it's like idling buses, or, you know, a truck, right, that stuck on the on the, on the 93, right? and so really kind of trying to work with residents around that. So those are some of the ways that we're thinking about community engagement.Brian Bienkowski That's really great. Because I mean, it takes everything from "Okay, let's find out what's in the air" all the way through to "Okay, now you are armed with this information here, we're going to train you to advocate for yourself." And I think making that holistic connection like that is, it's really exciting. It's really cool to hear about that. So what are some tips that you would have for other researchers who are trying to do this kind of community engagement, but are having trouble or finding people reluctant or busy? That's probably a big one, too. What are some tips you might have?Greer Hamilton I think you have to know that it's going to be slow from the very beginning. I work with people who wanted to communicate research, but don't want to invest the time. And you can't do this work without investing time. Time not only in like, learning what people's needs are, right? Like, let's say that like air pollution actually wasn't the top need for people like that means that we might have to shift right like kind of our priorities until we can get there. And it means like showing up to events that like you don't think are relevant to your work, right, like a block party, or you know, an event that's happening in a local college. And also listening, I think, like, my goal always is to do more listening than I am talking. So if a resident is telling me like something that matters to them, or something that like I've done that maybe was not in line of how they think it should be done. My job is not to like, talk down to them, right? Because I'm in a certain position and just to like, really listen and hear kind of what are the concerns that they're bringing up so that I can either shift what I'm doing or shift my thinking or approach around something.Brian Bienkowski And so you call yourself an arts-based researcher, which is, I love that title. I think it's really cool. And so can you give some examples of the ways that you used arts to engage with communities around environmental justice research and issues? And what are some artistic outlets or methods that you haven't used yet, but that you'd like to try?Greer Hamilton Yeah, so beginning of my PhD, I worked with students in the School of Arts to work on puppetry. So we made some stop motion work about green gentrification, which was kind of the environmental work that I was working on at that time. And it was really cool, because it was a really like disarming way of like talking about gentrification, which can be such a heavy topic. And people like, were able to kind of see like the horrors, right? of like, what happens when neighborhoods changed without people being able to participate in and then that shifted to my dissertation where I began to include more like visual arts and storytelling, so like doing like oral history collections, and like walking tours as a way to kind of engage people like, like in their total bodies around these topics. And then now, I have a small project that's working on a comic book and an animated film about transportation-related air pollution that we hope to kind of build out to like bleed into like, some curriculum for like K through 12 people in particular. But as a way to kind of start getting people to be aware of terms be aware of like air pollution and how it can like, affect them and even lead to like premature death, right? We want people to be more aware of like the health pieces. And you know, I think we've talked about this or I know we've talked about this, but like, also have interest in like soundscapes, and we'd love to, like think about how can we use soundscapes really to like traffic Navy, or just like the neat like nature, with electronic music or either like classic music, classical music. So it's like, uh, hopefully, within the next year, I can move into that. But those are some things I'm working on. But Fine Arts to be like a really great way to kind of communicate either environmental science or communicate like topics that people are thinking about, but maybe don't have like the language or are scared, right? to talk about it.Brian Bienkowski There's also I mean, we always hear growing up, or at least most of us did, that we all kind of learn differently. You know, some of us like to touch and get into stuff, some of us like to read or watch a YouTube video, whatever it is, and the you know, the soundscapes the one you mentioned, I am just very sensitive to audio, it really kind of resonates with me, it really... and in the kind of stuff that you're talking about, I actually, you know, I do some of that, like, you know, we talked about that. So I do think it's a really good way to kind of spread the message around in all these different ways. And who knows what's going to stick, right? Who knows what, how people learn and stuff? Where does that come from, where you always are the arts and kind of being creative, something that was prior to research, or did it kind of dovetail with some of this research that you're doing?Greer Hamilton It was prior to research, I like had a phase in like high school where I thought maybe I'll be a documentary filmmaker, and I took classes at NYU, they have a really great film school. And so it was like me, this will be what I will do, that did not obviously end up being what I'm doing. But it is a full circle thing to kind of come back to the arts now and include it in research.Brian Bienkowski And do you find that, you know, I don't know so much about your advisors, or how that works. But you know, I know just kind of historically, academia and stuff hasn't put a lot of, you know, it's like published in the journal and move on with your life kind of thing. Do you find that you're you're finding support, and that people are maybe kind of changing in that regard and open to kind of some of these different methods?Greer Hamilton I do. I do think that people are opening, becoming more open to arts. And that's why I ended up at University of Michigan. So they actually put out a call for arts-based research position last year when I was on the job market. And that was what drew me I was like, Oh, how cool it is to see a school like Michigan be interested, right in arts work. You know, I will also say that there are evolving flaws, right? Like they're like, right, because people have for so long thought of like research as like one thing and, and publishing as the only kind of output, right? Like, they are having to change kind of their own metrics to figure out how my work fits into that. But I will say they've been really supportive of like, encouraging of me, using the arts in my research. So I hope that more schools will, will do that.Brian Bienkowski And, you know, I have a brother in law, just as an example here, who wasn't really environmentally engaged. He's a tribal police officer up here. And he watched a documentary about I believe it was about dairy, I don't know what the documentary was about, he quit eating dairy. Like immediately, that was it like no more for him after he saw, I don't know if it was animal abuse, you know, some kind of animal rights issue. He's done. And it just spoke to me that like, oh, gosh, you can put all of the articles out in the world. And you can write all of the stories and send all of the tweets. But if you can find that kind of storytelling aspect, in this case, it was a really well-done documentary, I assume, I mean, it had a profound impact on his life. So I'm just such a, I'm just such a fan of this. And I'm really excited to see where you take some of this stuff. So, very cool. Another avenue that you're interested in, I know you have some different activist tendencies and things that you're very interested in. And I know reproductive justice is something that you're interested in, have engaged in, and it opened your eyes to the intersection of colonialism, capitalism, and environmental injustice, of course. So can you talk about your work in this space? And how it shows these issues as interconnected?Greer Hamilton Yeah, um, when I was in my master's program, that was actually my first research experience. I did abortion-access research with a professor, and this was before Roe vs. Wade was ended. And I learned like how profoundly like geographical location informs was people's access to abortion, right? So like people were having to travel really long, like distances in order to get an abortion, or like the wait times at the time. And I think for me, it really reinforced like the role of place in terms of health and environmental issues, that these are also the same communities that are likely to be overburdened or experienced overburdened by environmental toxins. And these are also the same people who are less likely to be able to access like a basic health care need, like an abortion. And I think it also was a good reminder that things like Roe versus Wade, which we you know, I think for a long time people kind of claimed was the ultimate dream of abortion rights actually had its flaws – like that people were not getting the care they needed. And so, you know, now that, you know, Roe versus Wade has been overturned, it's been even more kind of painful to see the ways in which geography informs people's or restricts people's right access to abortions, and how those geographical barriers are deeply tied right back to like colonialism and capitalism and racism, right, that those things were created intentionally right for people to not be able to access services that you need, whether it's like in their local area, or within a larger state. And so I'm hoping for more people to like, learn more about those barriers that people face, because it's not as easy as people think, to get an abortion, even in 2024. And even with like medical or abortion pills being readily available, right? those pills are also sometimes constrained right by location. So yeah, it's a issue that's really near and dear to my heart. And I'm glad to have seen over the past couple of years, people learn more about abortion restrictions in the country, and reproductive justice.Brian Bienkowski And it's another one of those really frustrating issues, I should say, as we speak right now, you know, Arizona just turned back the clock this week in such a archaic way, on this on this very issue and, and Florida, right. And it's one of those things, it's kind of like gun rights, where it's so frustrating that when you actually look at the, the electorate, you know, the it's not really that controversial of an issue, there really is kind of mostly broad support for this. And to see how our, you know, the system has been perverted in a way that allows people to make decisions for others is, is really something. But I think you're right, you have seen kind of a groundswell of awareness, if nothing else, after Roe fell. So I guess we will see what happens. Do you still is this work that you still engage in now that you're in Detroit and in Michigan? Are you too busy? No.Greer Hamilton Um, so I've been on the board of boards of abortion funds for the past couple years first of Eastern Massachusetts abortion fund. But now that I'm in Detroit, I'm with the Midwest Access Coalition, which is a practical support fund, actually, which people may not know about. But, um, practical support is to tends to be hotels, airfare, childcare, you know, food support, like the other things, right that, that people will require in order to access an abortion. And so I'm really proud of the work that Midwest Access Coalition does. And I'm just proud to be a board member. And also I will just put a plug it is funding season, it is the peer-to-peer fundraising campaign for abortion funds across the country and some international ones. But if you go to nn, like Nancy, a f.org, you will find or you should be able to find your local abortion fund. And they likely are having some sort of event or a fundraising effort for the next month or so. So a great time to give because people's money are drying up. And now that people have decided that the Roe decision no longer takes precedent.Brian Bienkowski Thank you so much for that it is a great time for people to get involved in this, especially, you know, as we head into another election season, and this is top of mind. Hopefully everybody can check that out. So when it comes to social work writ large here, what would you like to see change? I mean, I get the sense that you're you're wanting to do things a little bit differently than have been done historically. So what would you like to see the field change? And how do you see yourself as part of that change?Greer Hamilton Yeah, as much as I love social work, I find it to be a pretty a-historic profession. I think it often forgets like, context matters in terms of like, the social issues that we're working on. And so for me, I really try to include history as much as I can in my work. And so we'd love to see more social workers like integrating and interrogating our history and its relationship to other things. But also, I think we're sometimes reactionary in terms of our engagement with social action. Sometimes it is right like other people who start doing social actions. And then social work is like, "Oh, hey, actually, we should care about it." Environmental issues, I think being an example of this. And so would love to see more social workers just like less scared, right of what other social professionals right are thinking, counselor social work, and to be more, be more open right to like what what social it can be and the issues that we should be focused on. And to, like, take that risk of, of just being more vocal and more active in issues that matter to you, but also to your community.Brian Bienkowski I spoke to, I'm forgetting the fellow right now. But she was a city in this kind of City Planning and had a very similar response that there's, there's a tendency to want to stick within the what the professional parameters have always been, instead of kind of integrating yourself in the community. And I think there's I think there's definitely some lessons there. So this has been a largely positive conversation. But I know environmental justice is not positive all the time, even though we're seeing some progress. So what are you optimistic about?Greer Hamilton I am really proud of the students that are organizing at University of Michigan where I'm at, there's been a lot of like, attempt to like stop them from organizing, but they're making really crucial connections, right to militarization and militarization and how it relates to like environmental issues or public health issues. And I'm just like always deeply proud of young adults who are willing to kind of take risk, even when there are like potential harms, not only to like their physical body, but also to their ability to graduate. And so I think that makes me really optimistic.Brian Bienkowski Excellent. Well, now we get to do some of the fun stuff before we get you out of here. So I have three rapid-fire questions, and you can just give me one word, or a phrase. My favorite hangout in Detroit isGreer Hamilton Kitab coffee.Brian Bienkowski Oh, tell me about it. Where is it at?Greer Hamilton They may have on Hamtramck but they also just built one in Midtown. It's an Arab on coffee shop that just is doing really cool community based work and also has really good coffee.Brian Bienkowski So I think I've seen the one in Hamtramck is it wood paneled?Greer Hamilton Yeah, in Midtown too. It's just Edmonton. So okay.Brian Bienkowski Okay, so we're getting away in the weeds here. And you can tune out listeners for a second. But I've seen the one in Hamtramck because it's on my walk when I walk to cafe 1923 which is my coffee shop that I go to down there. So I will have to definitely try a new one. If I could have dinner with anyone in this can be living or past it would beGreer Hamilton Spike LeeBrian Bienkowski that's a fun one. My go to comfort musician or albumGreer Hamilton Lianne La Havas.Brian Bienkowski I don't know this one. Tell me about tell me about this person.Greer Hamilton She's from London. She has a really beautiful soulful voice and, and she got me through the pandemic. So it'sBrian Bienkowski High praise. Excellent. Well, I will definitely check her out. I've got two recommendations from this. So Greer, this has been a whole lot of fun. I'm really glad we got to connect. And hanging out with you in Philly. It was just, it was so much fun. There's never enough time at those retreats with everybody. And my last question before we get you out of here is what is the last book that you read for fun?Greer Hamilton The City of Dispossession, by Kyle T. Mays, you would also really like it. It's about indigenous andBblack history of Detroit. And just a really good read. Awesome.Brian Bienkowski Well, I'm gonna give a short plug for Book Suey is the bookstore in Hamtramck where I tried to get all my books, even though I live so far away from there now, but they carry a whole local section. So I'm hoping and it's in there next time I'm down there. And Greer, thank you so much for being here today. Thank you so much for your time, and I will talk to you soon.Greer Hamilton Take care.



Dr. Greer Hamilton joins the Agents of Change in Environmental Justice podcast to discuss how she uses the arts to engage and involve communities around environmental justice research.


Hamilton, a transitional postdoctoral fellow and incoming assistant professor at the University of Michigan School of Social Work, is a current fellow in the Agents of Change program. She also talks about how she found her passion in social work, her activism on reproductive justice, tips on meaningfully involving communities in research, and some of her favorite spots in Detroit.

The Agents of Change in Environmental Justice podcast is a biweekly podcast featuring the stories and big ideas from past and present fellows, as well as others in the field. You can see all of the past episodes here.

Listen below to our discussion with Hamilton, and subscribe to the podcast at iTunes or Spotify.


Agents of Change in Environmental Justice · Greer Hamilton on arts-based environmental justice research

Transcript 


Brian Bienkowski

Hello and welcome back to the Agents of Change in Environmental Justice podcast, a partnership between Environmental Health News and Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health. I'm your host, Brian Bienkowski, editor of Agents of Change and senior editor at Environmental Health News. Welcome back to all of our regular listeners, and welcome to anybody new. We are here every two weeks talking to up-and-coming and established leaders in environmental justice. Please find us wherever you get your podcasts and please subscribe. Well, I am so excited for today's episode. Last month, our leadership team traveled to Philly and we met our fifth cohort fellows. And today we have our very first guest from this latest round of environmental justice rockstars that we are working with. today's guests is Dr. Greer Hamilton, a transitional Postdoctoral Fellow and incoming assistant professor at the University of Michigan School of Social Work. Greer is doing fascinating work, she talks about how she got into social work, tips on meaningfully engaging communities in your research, what it means to be an art space researcher, and what changes she would like to see in the field of social work. And just a quick warning that we nerd out on Detroit a little bit here and there. But I'm sure you're all used to me doing that every time we have a Detroit-based guest. Enjoy. All right, I am super excited to be joined by our very first fellow from this cohort to join me on the podcast. Greer Hamilton. Greer, how are you doing today?

Greer Hamilton

I'm doing well. How are you?

Brian Bienkowski

I'm doing great. We won't talk about all the technical difficulties that we had before we connected now they don't need to know about that. So where are you today?

Greer Hamilton

I'm in Detroit, Michigan.

Brian Bienkowski

Detroit, Michigan. As all the listeners know, that is a place very near and dear to my heart. So I'm glad you're down there. In fact, when we met and you told me where you're at down there, I was looking around a little bit. And it's not too far from some of my old house. So I'm hoping to come visit you sometime. But you of course did not grow up in Detroit. You're there now for schooling and such. So you mostly grew up in New York state, from what I understand. So can you tell me a bit about your upbringing and where the interest in the environment and health came into your life?

Greer Hamilton

Yeah, so you're right, I mostly grew up on Long Island, in a town called Limbrick. But I also spent eight or so years of my childhood living in Alabama, where my mother's family is from. And to be honest, I think environment and health issues really didn't kind of come to the focus until college. And when I started taking a lot more interest in like thinking more about like, you know, the saying of like, "oh, well zip codes matter."– like, we're zip code is can like be a big proxy for like other things. Like that was kind of like the thing that like made me want to think more about environmental and health issues. And I know I mentioned this at like the retreat, but like, one of the things that kind of came full circle to me was about like my town Valley Stream on Long Island being a sundowntown. And how almost kind of short sighted like that zip code as proxy statement is because right zip codes aren't the things that matter. Right? Those other factors, right, like racism or other structural issues are the things that create, right, zip codes mattering. And so like when I kind of started making those connections, I began to become more interested in like, how does like a public park or like how to neighborhood, right? factor into like, our conversation about environment and health, and what do they do? You know, in terms of people's well being.

Brian Bienkowski

Can you explain to listeners what a sundown town is?

Greer Hamilton

Yeah, they were pretty prevalent between like, 1940 and 1960 throughout the country you know. Like, we talk poorly about the South, but like, they were in northern places like New York, and they were towns that were predominantly white. And after sundown, they were locations where non-white people were meant to not be and sometimes they were were murdered right for being in the town after sundown. Or they were chased out. But they're just like really, like harmful relics, right of that that time period.

Brian Bienkowski

You say relics, but men, if you think about the, you know, the 40s to the 60s, I mean, that was long ago, but it's not that long ago. I mean, that's grandparents and stuff, you know, that were around then so that is you know, and being in Detroit there I often think of the zip code that always gets thrown out is 48217 –I have it memorized because that is southwest Detroit – and they deal with some of the worst air in the city and in the state and in the country. So the there's been a lot written and talked about, not too far from you right there a zip code that is really determinant of people's health. So. So you went on to get a dual bachelor's and master's degree at the University of Buffalo. So what was it about social work as a career that spoke to you?

Greer Hamilton

Yeah, to be honest, my parents went through a divorce in high school, and I went to a social worker. And it was, at the time like thinking about going into pre med. I always kind of planned to be a medical doctor. And, but at the time, my life cannot imagine also doing that. And I was talking to my social worker about like, her job, and like, what were those opportunities, and she thought social work could be a good option for me, because it was still helping. And it's also a really broad profession, right? So I could still, you know, be interested in health and, and make a career out of that. And so that's kind of what like pushed me into social work and found it and then like, really developed like a love and appreciation for it.

Brian Bienkowski

That is so cool. That you know, in pursuing support for yourself, you not only found support, but a career, passion. That is that is really cool and turned something that was maybe difficult, into, you know, something that is very, it's very positive now, so very cool. I've been asking everybody this, what is a moment or event that has shaped your identity up to this point? I know, that's big and unwieldy.

Greer Hamilton

Yeah, I'm thinking about this. And I think in my master's program, one that sticks out to me was, I worked in a student-run health clinic on the east side of Buffalo, which is a predominantly Black part of the city. And in my experience, it was really interesting because, right, I had to reflect on my blackness, right. And like about also my privileges, because I grew up middle middle class, and we were working with people who were uninsured and low income. And, you know, they saw me as like a similar person to them. And also, they were things that really like I didn't share in terms of like lived experience. But also it like made me really want to, like pursue research, right, related to health. And so I think at that time, it was like, you know, about a year of working every Wednesday night and this clinic, but it was really cool to work with, like medical doctors and community members to like, try to figure out ways to improve their, their health and well being.

Brian Bienkowski

So this leads me really nicely in my next question, so before you returned to get your PhD was, which is where you're at now, you were, you know, working in social work in Buffalo, and I know this was meaningful, obviously, to you. But can you talk about why you wanted to get your PhD? why research spoke to you as something that you could maybe do more good, or, you know, additional good in this space?

Greer Hamilton

Yeah. Um, so after my master's, I went on to work at a nonprofit that was focused on actually increasing representation of non-white and low-income people in health professions, including social work and medicine. And then after that, did some work with a local foundation, doing community capacity building work with nonprofits. And in both of those experiences, both program managing a nonprofit and working with other nonprofits, I realized how there was like this weird cyclical kind of nature of like funding and research where nonprofits needed funding funders wanted research or evaluation. But those nonprofits didn't have either the staff person or the money, right to then go out and do research or evaluation. And so then it ended up putting large organizations that had that type of resource ahead, right, and then smaller, more grassroots organizations behind. And so I was like, "Oh, well, I like research will maybe this is something I could pursue, and then eventually come back with it to Buffalo or somewhere else and be that person who can provide that type of research or evaluation, support to organizations that they can do more," right? and get the funding they need in order to do the great work that they were doing.

Brian Bienkowski

So you went from one, Rust Belt city to another. And we talked about our love of rust belt cities, and I have a soft spot in my heart for Buffalo. I used to really like the Buffalo Bills football team when I was okay. And now you know, of course, the Lions because that's where I'm from, but it's just really cool to be working in those in those cities. I just find them fascinating, the kind of industrial history and all of that, and you mentioned something there that I want to just talk to you a little bit about and that's representation in healthcare settings, kind of having non-white representation. Can you talk about maybe an example or just why that's important, what that means to people to go into, you know, what can be kind of a vulnerable setting and see people like them or at least see people that represent their community?

Greer Hamilton

Yeah. I think like it also I think ties back to this my interest in like history and its relationship to health because I think, right, so much of like the current conversations about Black people in healthcare settings are about how medical doctors often don't like consider them capable of pain, right? And like that has kind of shown up in maternal mortality related situations recently, and how all of those things are like so directly tied back to our history of enslavement in this country. And so I think when people –and I can speak for myself– and I am able to find a Black doctor who is truly able to kind of understand that history, but also to be like, the one to ask more questions, right? And not assume that like, because I have a PhD or because of certain things that like maybe I'm not capable of experiencing certain issues, the person like to ask those questions just really matters. And so I think it's sometimes helpful to have a person who is like you in some way, and being your care provider or kind of being another person in your life.

Brian Bienkowski

So you've been doing a lot of your research is fascinating. And the way you put your research out is fascinating. And when I read your application, I think it's okay for me to admit that you are the one that I was telling the staff like, "No, we need her. She's, she's part of this cohort." I was really excited because you're doing a lot of cool stuff. And I want to get into that. But let's start first kind of take a step back and talk about the research that you're doing so. And you're also again, into unique ways of communicating it. So can you tell me about the research, you're co-leading looking at indoor air pollution in affordable housing and transportation pollution in the Boston area? What are you all doing and what have you found so far?

Greer Hamilton

Yeah, so our affordable housing project wrapped up last year was called Stainable air quality in affordable housing, and it was with engineering researchers at Tufts University. And I worked with them over the past four or five years. And then collectively, those engineers and Alok Shuhada and John Durant, and I applied for a grant with this group called Mystic River Watershed Association. And we have now a community-based air quality study in East Boston, Charlestown, Everett, and Malden to monitor the air quality over three years, and then to also work with residents to understand their own understandings of air quality, and how it's affected them. We chose those four communities because they are communities that are most overburdened by air pollution, because of where the highways are, the airport, and also they have the most are like they have a large population of non-white and linguistically-isolated people. And so they're often not represented in in this type of research. But should be, right? And so I think that's what we're trying to kind of do in our work. It's a community-engaged study that goes through 2026. And I hope to do all the community engaged research, which is, you know, exciting, and fun.

Brian Bienkowski

Yeah, before we get into some of that outreach, have there been Do you have findings yet? Have you looked at kind of air quality and seen, you know, bad things in the air compared to other neighborhoods and stuff? Are there any findings? Oh, yeah.

Greer Hamilton

Not from our project. But like Boston has done a lot of air quality research over the past 10 years or so. So there is some research like, I always forget the acronym but or like the full name, but it's called Cafe, there was a study done in Chinatown, right? where they found that people living in Chinatown, right were greatly affected by air quality. And also then didn't have like the resources to monitor or to do some of the mitigation strategies. So Chinatown has been doing a lot of research in those years following. For our project we started last April. So we have some preliminary survey data that finds that like a lot of people are concerned about air pollution, but either don't understand what are the sources of pollutants, or don't understand what to do to make improvements, right, whether that is by personal behavior changes, or advocacy work. And so that's kind of what we're hoping to do next.

Brian Bienkowski

We just did a big investigation, our newsroom with the Texas Tribune, looking at air quality in certain neighborhoods, certain Latino neighborhoods. And one of the things that we found was that even when there is data, it's not the first of all, it was often not in Spanish. And a lot of these are Spanish-speaking communities. And then you go to these websites, and I've been a reporter for a while and use the TRI from the EPA and stuff. And it's just a mess. I mean, you almost need a PhD to understand the data in the first place. So I think I really want to get at this kind of community engagement. And that's where a lot of your work comes in. So let's take this this study as a way to understand that, can you talk about your role in getting community members involved in the project, and making sure that they're engaged and aware of what you guys are finding and doing?

Greer Hamilton

Yeah. So the first kind of part of like our community engagement efforts were to develop a community advisory board. This is an 11 person board that is made up of young people under 18 and adults who live in those four communities. They are people who are not researchers, they are moms, they are nurses, they are students, right? And we really wanted to prioritize people who live there, and had lived there for a long time. And in order to kind of like contextualize the research that we're doing. We meet with them quarterly, and they give us guidance on kind of all facets of our work. We also have a community survey that is out, I'm in all four communities where we're asking people about, what is air quality to them? How do they know that poor air quality is occurring in their neighborhood? Is it smelling does it like look bad? and where are kind of the sites that they would want us to do follow up research in. And then we've also linked back to the language conversation you were just having have been really like intentional about making sure that our work is able to reach communities that we want. So we translate all of our work, whether that's the surveys to materials for like community meetings, into seven different languages including English, with the ones that are most represented by those four, so like Arabic, Haitian, Creole, Spanish, Portuguese, for example. And then we've also really been trying to, like build out like educational kind of workshop series for both our community advisory board members, but also residents. So we've been working with organizations to host like air quality one-on-one workshops, so they can like, start learning how to deconstruct the air quality data that we might be producing, and also to like, do like do DIY, kind of like air filtration types of projects. And then we're also beginning to offer your policy and advocacy trainings over the summer, so that our county advisory board members can then take that information back to their community, and really start to like work with other organizations around like, what are those strategies we want to implement? Knowing that policymakers right, have a lot of responsibility for regulating air pollution, whether it's like idling buses, or, you know, a truck, right, that stuck on the on the, on the 93, right? and so really kind of trying to work with residents around that. So those are some of the ways that we're thinking about community engagement.

Brian Bienkowski

That's really great. Because I mean, it takes everything from "Okay, let's find out what's in the air" all the way through to "Okay, now you are armed with this information here, we're going to train you to advocate for yourself." And I think making that holistic connection like that is, it's really exciting. It's really cool to hear about that. So what are some tips that you would have for other researchers who are trying to do this kind of community engagement, but are having trouble or finding people reluctant or busy? That's probably a big one, too. What are some tips you might have?

Greer Hamilton

I think you have to know that it's going to be slow from the very beginning. I work with people who wanted to communicate research, but don't want to invest the time. And you can't do this work without investing time. Time not only in like, learning what people's needs are, right? Like, let's say that like air pollution actually wasn't the top need for people like that means that we might have to shift right like kind of our priorities until we can get there. And it means like showing up to events that like you don't think are relevant to your work, right, like a block party, or you know, an event that's happening in a local college. And also listening, I think, like, my goal always is to do more listening than I am talking. So if a resident is telling me like something that matters to them, or something that like I've done that maybe was not in line of how they think it should be done. My job is not to like, talk down to them, right? Because I'm in a certain position and just to like, really listen and hear kind of what are the concerns that they're bringing up so that I can either shift what I'm doing or shift my thinking or approach around something.

Brian Bienkowski

And so you call yourself an arts-based researcher, which is, I love that title. I think it's really cool. And so can you give some examples of the ways that you used arts to engage with communities around environmental justice research and issues? And what are some artistic outlets or methods that you haven't used yet, but that you'd like to try?

Greer Hamilton

Yeah, so beginning of my PhD, I worked with students in the School of Arts to work on puppetry. So we made some stop motion work about green gentrification, which was kind of the environmental work that I was working on at that time. And it was really cool, because it was a really like disarming way of like talking about gentrification, which can be such a heavy topic. And people like, were able to kind of see like the horrors, right? of like, what happens when neighborhoods changed without people being able to participate in and then that shifted to my dissertation where I began to include more like visual arts and storytelling, so like doing like oral history collections, and like walking tours as a way to kind of engage people like, like in their total bodies around these topics. And then now, I have a small project that's working on a comic book and an animated film about transportation-related air pollution that we hope to kind of build out to like bleed into like, some curriculum for like K through 12 people in particular. But as a way to kind of start getting people to be aware of terms be aware of like air pollution and how it can like, affect them and even lead to like premature death, right? We want people to be more aware of like the health pieces. And you know, I think we've talked about this or I know we've talked about this, but like, also have interest in like soundscapes, and we'd love to, like think about how can we use soundscapes really to like traffic Navy, or just like the neat like nature, with electronic music or either like classic music, classical music. So it's like, uh, hopefully, within the next year, I can move into that. But those are some things I'm working on. But Fine Arts to be like a really great way to kind of communicate either environmental science or communicate like topics that people are thinking about, but maybe don't have like the language or are scared, right? to talk about it.

Brian Bienkowski

There's also I mean, we always hear growing up, or at least most of us did, that we all kind of learn differently. You know, some of us like to touch and get into stuff, some of us like to read or watch a YouTube video, whatever it is, and the you know, the soundscapes the one you mentioned, I am just very sensitive to audio, it really kind of resonates with me, it really... and in the kind of stuff that you're talking about, I actually, you know, I do some of that, like, you know, we talked about that. So I do think it's a really good way to kind of spread the message around in all these different ways. And who knows what's going to stick, right? Who knows what, how people learn and stuff? Where does that come from, where you always are the arts and kind of being creative, something that was prior to research, or did it kind of dovetail with some of this research that you're doing?

Greer Hamilton

It was prior to research, I like had a phase in like high school where I thought maybe I'll be a documentary filmmaker, and I took classes at NYU, they have a really great film school. And so it was like me, this will be what I will do, that did not obviously end up being what I'm doing. But it is a full circle thing to kind of come back to the arts now and include it in research.

Brian Bienkowski

And do you find that, you know, I don't know so much about your advisors, or how that works. But you know, I know just kind of historically, academia and stuff hasn't put a lot of, you know, it's like published in the journal and move on with your life kind of thing. Do you find that you're you're finding support, and that people are maybe kind of changing in that regard and open to kind of some of these different methods?

Greer Hamilton

I do. I do think that people are opening, becoming more open to arts. And that's why I ended up at University of Michigan. So they actually put out a call for arts-based research position last year when I was on the job market. And that was what drew me I was like, Oh, how cool it is to see a school like Michigan be interested, right in arts work. You know, I will also say that there are evolving flaws, right? Like they're like, right, because people have for so long thought of like research as like one thing and, and publishing as the only kind of output, right? Like, they are having to change kind of their own metrics to figure out how my work fits into that. But I will say they've been really supportive of like, encouraging of me, using the arts in my research. So I hope that more schools will, will do that.

Brian Bienkowski

And, you know, I have a brother in law, just as an example here, who wasn't really environmentally engaged. He's a tribal police officer up here. And he watched a documentary about I believe it was about dairy, I don't know what the documentary was about, he quit eating dairy. Like immediately, that was it like no more for him after he saw, I don't know if it was animal abuse, you know, some kind of animal rights issue. He's done. And it just spoke to me that like, oh, gosh, you can put all of the articles out in the world. And you can write all of the stories and send all of the tweets. But if you can find that kind of storytelling aspect, in this case, it was a really well-done documentary, I assume, I mean, it had a profound impact on his life. So I'm just such a, I'm just such a fan of this. And I'm really excited to see where you take some of this stuff. So, very cool. Another avenue that you're interested in, I know you have some different activist tendencies and things that you're very interested in. And I know reproductive justice is something that you're interested in, have engaged in, and it opened your eyes to the intersection of colonialism, capitalism, and environmental injustice, of course. So can you talk about your work in this space? And how it shows these issues as interconnected?

Greer Hamilton

Yeah, um, when I was in my master's program, that was actually my first research experience. I did abortion-access research with a professor, and this was before Roe vs. Wade was ended. And I learned like how profoundly like geographical location informs was people's access to abortion, right? So like people were having to travel really long, like distances in order to get an abortion, or like the wait times at the time. And I think for me, it really reinforced like the role of place in terms of health and environmental issues, that these are also the same communities that are likely to be overburdened or experienced overburdened by environmental toxins. And these are also the same people who are less likely to be able to access like a basic health care need, like an abortion. And I think it also was a good reminder that things like Roe versus Wade, which we you know, I think for a long time people kind of claimed was the ultimate dream of abortion rights actually had its flaws – like that people were not getting the care they needed. And so, you know, now that, you know, Roe versus Wade has been overturned, it's been even more kind of painful to see the ways in which geography informs people's or restricts people's right access to abortions, and how those geographical barriers are deeply tied right back to like colonialism and capitalism and racism, right, that those things were created intentionally right for people to not be able to access services that you need, whether it's like in their local area, or within a larger state. And so I'm hoping for more people to like, learn more about those barriers that people face, because it's not as easy as people think, to get an abortion, even in 2024. And even with like medical or abortion pills being readily available, right? those pills are also sometimes constrained right by location. So yeah, it's a issue that's really near and dear to my heart. And I'm glad to have seen over the past couple of years, people learn more about abortion restrictions in the country, and reproductive justice.

Brian Bienkowski

And it's another one of those really frustrating issues, I should say, as we speak right now, you know, Arizona just turned back the clock this week in such a archaic way, on this on this very issue and, and Florida, right. And it's one of those things, it's kind of like gun rights, where it's so frustrating that when you actually look at the, the electorate, you know, the it's not really that controversial of an issue, there really is kind of mostly broad support for this. And to see how our, you know, the system has been perverted in a way that allows people to make decisions for others is, is really something. But I think you're right, you have seen kind of a groundswell of awareness, if nothing else, after Roe fell. So I guess we will see what happens. Do you still is this work that you still engage in now that you're in Detroit and in Michigan? Are you too busy? No.

Greer Hamilton

Um, so I've been on the board of boards of abortion funds for the past couple years first of Eastern Massachusetts abortion fund. But now that I'm in Detroit, I'm with the Midwest Access Coalition, which is a practical support fund, actually, which people may not know about. But, um, practical support is to tends to be hotels, airfare, childcare, you know, food support, like the other things, right that, that people will require in order to access an abortion. And so I'm really proud of the work that Midwest Access Coalition does. And I'm just proud to be a board member. And also I will just put a plug it is funding season, it is the peer-to-peer fundraising campaign for abortion funds across the country and some international ones. But if you go to nn, like Nancy, a f.org, you will find or you should be able to find your local abortion fund. And they likely are having some sort of event or a fundraising effort for the next month or so. So a great time to give because people's money are drying up. And now that people have decided that the Roe decision no longer takes precedent.

Brian Bienkowski

Thank you so much for that it is a great time for people to get involved in this, especially, you know, as we head into another election season, and this is top of mind. Hopefully everybody can check that out. So when it comes to social work writ large here, what would you like to see change? I mean, I get the sense that you're you're wanting to do things a little bit differently than have been done historically. So what would you like to see the field change? And how do you see yourself as part of that change?

Greer Hamilton

Yeah, as much as I love social work, I find it to be a pretty a-historic profession. I think it often forgets like, context matters in terms of like, the social issues that we're working on. And so for me, I really try to include history as much as I can in my work. And so we'd love to see more social workers like integrating and interrogating our history and its relationship to other things. But also, I think we're sometimes reactionary in terms of our engagement with social action. Sometimes it is right like other people who start doing social actions. And then social work is like, "Oh, hey, actually, we should care about it." Environmental issues, I think being an example of this. And so would love to see more social workers just like less scared, right of what other social professionals right are thinking, counselor social work, and to be more, be more open right to like what what social it can be and the issues that we should be focused on. And to, like, take that risk of, of just being more vocal and more active in issues that matter to you, but also to your community.

Brian Bienkowski

I spoke to, I'm forgetting the fellow right now. But she was a city in this kind of City Planning and had a very similar response that there's, there's a tendency to want to stick within the what the professional parameters have always been, instead of kind of integrating yourself in the community. And I think there's I think there's definitely some lessons there. So this has been a largely positive conversation. But I know environmental justice is not positive all the time, even though we're seeing some progress. So what are you optimistic about?

Greer Hamilton

I am really proud of the students that are organizing at University of Michigan where I'm at, there's been a lot of like, attempt to like stop them from organizing, but they're making really crucial connections, right to militarization and militarization and how it relates to like environmental issues or public health issues. And I'm just like always deeply proud of young adults who are willing to kind of take risk, even when there are like potential harms, not only to like their physical body, but also to their ability to graduate. And so I think that makes me really optimistic.

Brian Bienkowski

Excellent. Well, now we get to do some of the fun stuff before we get you out of here. So I have three rapid-fire questions, and you can just give me one word, or a phrase. My favorite hangout in Detroit is

Greer Hamilton

Kitab coffee.

Brian Bienkowski

Oh, tell me about it. Where is it at?

Greer Hamilton

They may have on Hamtramck but they also just built one in Midtown. It's an Arab on coffee shop that just is doing really cool community based work and also has really good coffee.

Brian Bienkowski

So I think I've seen the one in Hamtramck is it wood paneled?

Greer Hamilton

Yeah, in Midtown too. It's just Edmonton. So okay.

Brian Bienkowski

Okay, so we're getting away in the weeds here. And you can tune out listeners for a second. But I've seen the one in Hamtramck because it's on my walk when I walk to cafe 1923 which is my coffee shop that I go to down there. So I will have to definitely try a new one. If I could have dinner with anyone in this can be living or past it would be

Greer Hamilton

Spike Lee

Brian Bienkowski

that's a fun one. My go to comfort musician or album

Greer Hamilton

Lianne La Havas.

Brian Bienkowski

I don't know this one. Tell me about tell me about this person.

Greer Hamilton

She's from London. She has a really beautiful soulful voice and, and she got me through the pandemic. So it's

Brian Bienkowski

High praise. Excellent. Well, I will definitely check her out. I've got two recommendations from this. So Greer, this has been a whole lot of fun. I'm really glad we got to connect. And hanging out with you in Philly. It was just, it was so much fun. There's never enough time at those retreats with everybody. And my last question before we get you out of here is what is the last book that you read for fun?

Greer Hamilton

The City of Dispossession, by Kyle T. Mays, you would also really like it. It's about indigenous andBblack history of Detroit. And just a really good read. Awesome.

Brian Bienkowski

Well, I'm gonna give a short plug for Book Suey is the bookstore in Hamtramck where I tried to get all my books, even though I live so far away from there now, but they carry a whole local section. So I'm hoping and it's in there next time I'm down there. And Greer, thank you so much for being here today. Thank you so much for your time, and I will talk to you soon.

Greer Hamilton

Take care.

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Oil refinery closures leave workers searching for a job that ‘just doesn’t exist’

For the refinery workers being laid off — most of whom lack a college degree — it’s unlikely they’ll find another job that pays as well, despite recent efforts by the state to help.

In summary For the refinery workers being laid off — most of whom lack a college degree — it’s unlikely they’ll find another job that pays as well, despite recent efforts by the state to help. Wilfredo Cruz went to the doctor in October of last year to have his brain scanned because he was experiencing vertigo — a dangerous condition when you’re a refinery worker like Cruz and your job entails climbing 200-foot towers and fixing heavy machinery.  While he waited at the doctor’s office, he picked up his phone and felt a moment of panic, seeing 100 unread text messages in the last hour.  The Phillips 66 refinery complex in Los Angeles had just said that it was going to close, and Cruz learned in that moment that he would eventually lose his job, along with nearly 1,000 other employees and contractors.  “It was a big shock, a gut punch,” said Cruz, who thinks his last day will be sometime in April. Workers say layoff notices will begin to go out in the next few months.  It’s just one of a handful of refineries that have closed or that intend to close in the coming months. For the workers — most of whom lack a college degree — it’s unlikely they’ll find another job that pays as well, despite recent efforts by the state to help. Though the Trump administration signed legislation creating billions of dollars in tax cuts for oil and gas companies, it’s not going to save these jobs or offer the workers any money to train for new ones.  “You have people earning between $80,000 to $200,000 a year, and almost everyone is a high school graduate and that’s it,” said Cruz. “To go out and look for another job that’s even somewhat comparable, it just doesn’t exist.”  When he isn’t at the refinery, Cruz is wearing a plain black shirt, shorts, and New Balance sneakers — anything that’s easy to clean if his 2-year old son throws food at him, he said. His vertigo is better these days, almost a year after the refinery said it would close, but he now has to find a job so he can support his family and pay his mortgage. The best bet, he said, is to go back to school and start a new career in cybersecurity. Thousands of jobs lost California has about 100,000 workers in the fossil fuel industry, according to an August report by the Public Policy Institute of California. That’s about the population of a small city, such as Merced or Redding. As the state continues its transition to renewable energy, many of those jobs may disappear — and some already have. Refineries have been closing all across the U.S. in recent years, but California has been hit hard, especially in Contra Costa County, Solano County and parts of southern Los Angeles, near Long Beach. First it was the Marathon refinery in Contra Costa County in 2020, which put hundreds of people out of work before the plant converted to renewable fuels with a fraction of the former workforce. Then Phillips 66 began shifting one of its Contra Costa County refineries to renewables and closed an affiliated plant on the Central Coast. A Valero refinery in Solano County is also expected to close in the next few months, leading to more layoffs. Publicly, oil companies have given vague justifications for the closures, though oil industry advocates, such as the Western States Petroleum Association, blame the state’s increased regulation and its renewable energy transition. Environmental groups point to the decrease in oil demand as more Californians turn to electric vehicles.  With thousands of jobs at stake, Gov. Gavin Newsom and the Democratic-led state Legislature this summer tried to strike a deal with Valero to avoid the closure of its Solano County refinery. Those conversations are still “ongoing,” said Daniel Villaseñor, the deputy director of communications for the governor.  What the state has offered so far is a $30 million pot of money, which refinery workers can use to train for new jobs. The money went out to four different workforce organizations last February, and they have until 2027 to distribute it to workers in various ways, such as through scholarships.   First: Workers cross a street as smoke billows from a fire at the Martinez Refinery Company in Martinez in Contra Costa County on Feb. 1, 2025. Last: A worker stands atop a tank car that carries liquefied petroleum gas at the Marathon Martinez Refinery on April 27, 2020. Photos by Jose Carlos Fajardo, Bay Area News Group The United Steelworkers union, which represents many of the Phillips 66 refinery workers, received about a third of the money and recruited Cruz to help find eligible workers at his job. Some of his colleagues are trying to become truck drivers, emergency medical technicians, or radiologists, but the state money rarely covers all the training expenses, he said.  In his spare time, Cruz is enrolled in an online, year-long certificate program in cybersecurity at UC San Diego and is using the state money to cover the $4,000 tuition. He said he wants a remote job, something that would allow him to spend more time with his son.  The steelworkers union has pushed Newsom for much more, ideally “hundreds of millions of dollars per year” to help retrain the refinery workers it represents, said Mike Smith, the national bargaining chair for the union. The governor has yet to make any new promises.  Six-figure salary, no degree required The average work day at a refinery might entail crawling into small spaces, withstanding searing heat, or operating heavy machinery with precision. And it can be dangerous: In 2006, the roof of a storage tank collapsed, killing one person and injuring four others at the Phillips 66 refinery complex in Los Angeles, which was then owned by an earlier iteration of the company.   Twelve-hour shifts are the norm, including many night shifts, and overtime is common. Nearby residents complain that the Phillips 66 facilities have a foul smell and that they pump cancer-causing chemicals into the air, creating health risks for the entire community. Workers are required to wear full-body fire retardant uniforms each day because fires are a constant risk, such as last week, when an explosion rocked a Chevron refinery in El Segundo. There was no major damage. Flames and smoke from a large fire rises from the Chevron refinery in El Segundo on Oct. 2, 2025. Photo by Daniel Cole, Reuters Though the work can be physically demanding, the rewards are plentiful. Union workers at the Phillips 66 refinery complex make about $115,000 a year, plus a pension and an 8% match on 401k contributions, said Smith.  Together, the Phillips 66 refineries in Los Angeles and the Valero refinery in Solano County produce about 17% of the state’s gas. Without these facilities, Californians could see higher prices at the pump, according to an independent analysis by the federal government. Laurie Wallace, a self-described artist, never wanted to work in oil and gas, but the money was a big draw, she said. For years, she was working as many as three different jobs, saving up money for punk and ska concerts while flipping burgers at In-N-Out, helping customers at Ace Hardware, or working shifts at a local cafe. Her husband at the time learned about a training program for refinery workers. He said he was going to apply and when she said she was interested, he told her she would never get in.  “I took the test and got the better score,” Wallace said. “I don’t do well with people telling me not to do something.” In the nearly 18 years since that exam, she’s worked at the Phillips 66 refinery complex in Los Angeles, handling the heavy machinery that transports California’s oil and gas. Wallace often earns over $100,000, especially with overtime, allowing her to achieve what many might consider the American Dream: a four-bedroom house in the Long Beach suburbs with an affordable mortgage and family vacations every year, including cruises to Mexico and trips to Las Vegas.  She’ll likely see a pay cut in any future job. In a 2023 study by the UC Berkeley Labor Center, UC Irvine professor Virginia Parks helped survey those who had been laid off by the Marathon oil refinery in Contra Costa County in 2020. She found that roughly a quarter were unemployed or no longer looking for work over a year after losing their jobs. Some workers found opportunities at other oil refineries, though they made less money because they lacked seniority or a union. Others found jobs at utility companies or chemical treatment plants, and a few started working in health care or retail.  “I don’t think (refinery workers) need long training programs but they do need some sort of reskilling,” said Parks, who wants the state to provide workers more financial help. She’s especially interested in state grants that give workers income support while they search for a skilled job. “Otherwise they’re just going to find whatever (job) they can.” Her study found that workers who did find a job after getting laid off made about $38 an hour — $12 less than before.  Lots of experience but few ways to prove it Since the layoffs at the Phillips 66 refinery complex will happen slowly over the next few months, Wallace still has a job for now. Her department is responsible for receiving and shipping the oil and gas that arrives at the Port of Los Angeles, work that is so essential that she thinks she’ll be one of the last people laid off, potentially in 2027. Over the years, she’s driven the trains that transport tons of oil and gas, operated cranes to carry pieces of pipelines and climbed on top of the massive fuel storage tanks that line the 110 Freeway. Often, she said she worked six or even seven days in a row. Laurie Wallace at the end of her overnight shift in front of the Phillips 66 refinery in Wilmington, Los Angeles, on Oct. 1, 2025. Photo by Stella Kalinina for CalMatters In April, she was diagnosed with breast cancer and got a modified schedule. Now she works night shifts and only two or three days in a row. After finishing her radiation therapy around 2 p.m., she changes out of her usual attire, a punk T-shirt and jeans, and gets into her work uniform. She then has to get through Los Angeles traffic, bypass the plant’s two layers of security, and travel across the refinery, which takes up multiple city blocks, or about 650 acres. Her shift begins at 4:30 p.m., where she spends 12 hours in a room, alone, under fluorescent lights, actively monitoring 16 different computer screens for changes in pressure or chemistry.  After so many years, staying alert during a night shift is second nature, she said with a laugh. “I’m a little high strung. I have no problem staying awake.”  The stakes are high. If she isn’t paying attention and a machine fails or a tank has the wrong pressure, fuel leaks can occur. In 2014, a hole burst in an underground pipeline near the refinery, pouring 1,200 gallons of oil into a residential street. Although Wallace has used many cranes over the years, she doesn’t have a crane operator’s license. In fact, all of the training that she’s done happens on-site, and her employer isn’t required to track it or give her any credential, such as a license or certificate, that could transfer to another job. After the Marathon refinery in Contra Costa County closed, former workers struggled to substantiate their skills when looking for new jobs, the UC Berkeley Labor survey found.  Drawing directly on the study, and with support from the steelworkers union, longtime labor activist and state Sen. María Elena Durazo, a Los Angeles Democrat, proposed a bill this year that would require employers to provide their workers with proof of any on-the-job training or education. The governor has until Oct. 12 to sign or veto the bill. It’s only “a first step” though, said Parks, a co-author of the study. Long-term, she said refinery workers should have the option to acquire independent certificates or credentials, such as a crane operator license, that prove their skills and don’t rely on an employer at all. “It’s not ideal but it’s temporary”  So far, only a fraction of the oil and gas workers who are eligible for state support have actually received it.  “We just started enrolling members,” said Rosi Romo, who coordinates the grant program on behalf of the steelworkers union. Though the steelworkers union received the money last March, only about 100 people have participated so far, said Romo, most of them in Southern California. She said the program can fund 650 scholarships, offering up to $15,000 in tuition for each worker  In Kern County, where the oil industry is a major employer, the local job centers received over $11 million from the state, which they’ve used to help nearly 370 former oil and gas workers retrain in new careers, including trucking and nursing. The job centers have enough money to serve around 750 people, said Danette Williams, who works in marketing for the centers, known as the Employers’ Training Resource. Unlike the steelworkers union, which is only giving out scholarships, Williams said the Employers’ Training Resource is also offering to reimburse 50% of wages during the first 480 hours of the workers’ new jobs. Romo said she wasn’t aware that was possible under the union’s contract with the state, but if it is, she said she’d try to offer the same benefit. The other organizations who received the grant money did not respond to CalMatters’ questions.  The Phillips 66 refinery in Wilmington, on Sept. 30, 2025. Photo by Stella Kalinina for CalMatters Romo, along with other representatives from the steelworkers union, said the work schedule at the Phillips 66 refinery complex is one reason why workers have yet to use most of the money. As of August, about a quarter of union employees have already left the facility for other opportunities, said Smith, the national bargaining chair for the union. The remaining employees are left working overtime.  Once layoffs begin in the coming months, Romo and Smith said they expect an uptick in the number of workers taking advantage of the scholarship money. Phillips 66 did not respond to multiple requests for comment about its overtime policies or other ways it may be supporting workers’ job transitions.  Cruz said he’s working six days a week now, 12 hours each day. To make progress on his cybersecurity course at UC San Diego, he tries to listen to lectures and audiobooks during his commute or while eating lunch or dinner during his two, 30-minute breaks. After he puts his son to sleep around 9 p.m., he has a few hours to study, though he has to wake up at 5 a.m. to make it to his shift on time. “It’s not ideal but it’s temporary,” he said. Wallace has a slight advantage, since she started taking online classes in 2020 to complete her associate degree. She’s still one class short, but she hasn’t had the time to finish it. Between her radiation therapy and the 12-hour night shifts, she said it’s unlikely she’ll be able to study for at least another year while she works with the skeleton crew that’s closing the refinery. If she had time, she said she would finish her associate degree and use the state training grant to help offset the cost of a bachelor’s degree. But because the state tuition grants expire in 2027, it’s quite possible she won’t be able to use the tuition money at all.

Why Concord?

The geological origins of the American Revolution

Photographs by Amani WillettEditor’s Note: This article is part of “The Unfinished Revolution,” a project exploring 250 years of the American experiment. Concord, Massachusetts, 18 miles northwest of Boston, was the starting point for the War of Independence. On April 19, 1775, militia and minutemen from Concord and neighboring towns clashed with British regulars at the Old North Bridge and forced a bloody retreat by the King’s men back to safety in Boston. Some 4,000 provincials from 30 towns answered the call to arms. Concord claimed precedence as the site of THE FIRST FORCIBLE RESISTANCE TO BRITISH AGGRESSION, the words inscribed on the town’s 1836 monument to the battle (to the enduring resentment of nearby Lexington, which actually suffered the first American deaths that day). Concord’s boast took hold thanks to Ralph Waldo Emerson, who in 1837 portrayed the brief skirmish at the bridge as “the shot heard round the world.” That moment has been a key to local identity ever since.Concord is widely known for another aspect of its history: It is intimately associated with the Transcendentalist movement in the quarter century before the Civil War. That distinction, too, it owes to Emerson. Born and raised in Boston, the most prominent public intellectual of Civil War America was the scion of six generations of New England divines, going back to Concord’s founding minister. In 1835, at age 32, Emerson returned to “the quiet fields of my fathers,” and from that ancestral base forged his career as a lecturer in Boston and beyond. He quickly became known as an eloquent voice for a new philosophy—calling on Americans to shed outmoded ways of thinking rooted in the colonial and British past and to put their trust in nature and in themselves. Partaking, as he saw it, of a divinity running through all Creation, Americans had an unprecedented opportunity to build an original culture on the principles of democracy, equality, and individual freedom. Emerson’s project was to unleash this infinite force.In Concord, Emerson attracted a coterie of sympathetic souls who shared his vision, including Henry David Thoreau, who, as the author of Walden and “Civil Disobedience,” would ultimately surpass Emerson in renown. As the town gained literary stature, Concord became a byword for the philosophical movement it hosted. Henry Adams called Transcendentalism “the Concord Church.” Emerson projected his influence by means of books and lectures. He was among the founders of The Atlantic, calling in its pages for the abolition of slavery (and, a few months later, mourning the death of Thoreau). Concord itself emerged, in the words of Henry James, as “the biggest little place in America.”Why Concord? How did a small town of some 2,200 inhabitants in 1860 become a cradle of not one but two revolutions? The best-known explanations distort the town’s history while inflating its self-regard. One view, popularized by Van Wyck Brooks’s Pulitzer Prize–winning The Flowering of New England (1936), emphasizes Concord’s bucolic beauty, agricultural economy, and limited industrial development. It was a place fit for poets and philosophers, where nature and man came together in rare harmony. A second view, advanced by the Yale historian Ralph Henry Gabriel in 1940, holds that the Transcendentalists were the intellectual heirs of the minutemen. By challenging the materialism of business and politics and by insisting on the ideals of a democratic faith, Gabriel argued, Emerson and Thoreau were “carrying on the fight which had been started by farmers at the bridge.”It’s no wonder that locals and tourists alike continue to indulge such explanations. An attractive civic identity can brand a town and bring in business; ironically, Concord’s reputation as a place of principle, carrying the torch of democratic ideals, serves just this purpose. Still, as history, the public image of the Transcendentalists as heirs of the minutemen has little foundation. The minutemen had fought for collective liberty, the communal right to govern themselves and uphold a way of life going back to the Puritan founders. Transcendentalists, by contrast, stressed individual rights in a break with tradition. Forsake inherited institutions and involuntary associations, Emerson urged. “Trust thyself” was his strategy for changing times. A reconstruction of Concord’s Old North Bridge, where militia and minutemen forced British soldiers to retreat on April 19, 1775. (Amani Willett for The Atlantic) The town of Concord was not some sheltered enclave, slumbering through the revolutions of the age. In the Transcendentalist era, the community was economically dynamic, religiously diverse, racially heterogeneous, class-stratified, politically divided, and receptive to social and political reform. It stood in the mainstream of antebellum America. It offered no asylum from change.It’s easy to overstate the uniqueness of Concord in politics as well as culture. Why was the town at the forefront of the Revolution? Not because it was more militant than most. In the opposition to British taxes and “tyranny,” it took its time, reluctant to unsettle authority and break with the Crown. Then again, so did most towns in Massachusetts, until Britain revoked the colony’s provincial charter and assailed local self-government. Moderation made Concord a safe place to store military supplies; its leaders were unlikely to act rashly and precipitate a war. So did its distance from Boston and its pivotal place on the Massachusetts road network. The town was a market center, a seat of courts, and a staging ground for military expeditions—such as the march to Boston in 1689 to overthrow the authoritarian royal governor, Edmund Andros. But other towns, such as Weston and Worcester, could have performed a similar service in 1775.As for Concord’s status as the center of Transcendentalism, the claim is inflated. The movement drew support across the Boston area. Transcendentalists preached from Unitarian pulpits not only in Boston but also in nearby towns such as Watertown, Arlington, and Lexington. So Concord was not alone: Its citizens experienced the same forces unsettling life all over Massachusetts. Its writers just happened to address that social transformation with a vision of nature and the self so compelling that Concord became the symbolic rather than literal center of Transcendentalism.[From the December 2021 issue: Emerson didn’t practice the self-reliance he preached]In one key respect, though, Concord truly was unique. In 1635, when the Massachusetts General Court authorized the founding of the town, it possessed a natural setting with distinct advantages replicated nowhere else in New England. Over millennia, the forces of geology had fashioned a physical landscape that the Native inhabitants had improved to sustain their way of life, and had unwittingly made ready for appropriation by the newcomers from across the sea. These resources drew pioneers into the interior, well beyond the seaboard, for the first time, and enabled the creation of new social and intellectual landscapes. Nature blessed Concord from the start. Emerson rightly invoked the universal currents of being, whose natural laws, as he saw it, were the same in his era as at the beginning of time.The Concord River runs north, rather than southeasterly down the regional slope toward the sea. When the edge of the great ice sheet began to retreat from the area about 17,000 years ago, the Concord River was dammed up by the ice to create a ribbon-shaped glacial lake with a muddy bottom. Eventually the lake drained away, allowing the Concord River to cut an inner valley beneath a moist and fertile lowland.This process set the stage for the creation of what the Indigenous Massachusett, Nipmuc, and Pawtucket peoples called Musketaquid, meaning “grass-ground river,” a marsh about 20 miles long and so flat and so uninterrupted that Thoreau skated the entire round-trip distance one freezing day—January 31, 1855. The languid stream passed through broad meadows to create a northern version of the Everglades (without the alligators). Nathaniel Hawthorne lived along the bank for three weeks before he discerned which way the river flowed.This riparian ecology attracted colonists: Concord became the first English town in North America above tidewater, beyond the sight and scent of the sea. Here the lush growth of freshwater hay would undergird a system of English husbandry dependent on livestock. Here migrating shad, herring, and salmon thrived in the aquatic richness, furnishing plentiful protein sources, vitamins, and minerals. Here the firm, muddy banks made an ideal habitat for the freshwater mussels on which other animals depended: muskrat, otters, turtles, human beings. On July 3, 1852, Thoreau estimated that more than 16,335 freshwater clams lay along 330 feet of the riverbank. Migrating waterfowl followed the meadows. Songbirds nested along their edges.Transplanting Old World methods, the founders of Concord harvested natural hay in its Great Meadow, which was annually enriched with nutrients by flooding. Thoreau gazed at the scene and imagined a river as fertile and ancient as the Nile. “It will be Grass-ground River as long as grass grows and water runs here,” he predicted in the opening lines of his first book, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (1849). Above the meadow stood the Great Field, an unusually flat, loamy, well-drained terrace that the Native people had long cleared for cultivation, using fish for fertilizer. For the colonists, this was a place to grow cereal grains, including the novel crop of Indian corn, fertilized by manure from cattle fed on hay from the Great Meadow. Above the Great Field was a broad expanse of fairly level habitable land covered by old-growth forest. This extensive lowland gave inhabitants room to spread out on mostly stone-free soils, unlike so much of New England, and create productive farms.Concord lies at the midpoint of Musketaquid, a place where the Assabet River, a typical midsize New England stream, enters from the west to bisect the ribbon of meadowland, creating the Sudbury River to the south and the Concord River to the north. It’s no accident that Concord village was settled in this strategic spot, where three rivers touch—the axis mundi of a most unusual valley.Eighteen miles. That’s the distance from Boston Harbor to Concord village. A regiment of British soldiers walked it on their ill-fated expedition. In October 1833, Thoreau hiked the route to Concord from his Harvard dormitory in Cambridge, blistering his feet in the process. Eighteen miles was far enough from the capital to serve as the primary depot of provincial military stores; it made for a long march in the dead of night through hostile countryside, as the British regulars learned to their sorrow. In times of peace, Concord could take advantage of its favorable location—far enough from more urban coastal settlements to cultivate a rural identity centered on agriculture, but close enough to enjoy proximity to educational institutions, literary culture, markets and wharves, and the statehouse. Concord became a right-size county seat, its central village of shops, taverns, courthouse, and meetinghouse surrounded by farms no more than a few minutes’ walk in any direction.The physical separation between Boston and Concord involves more than the linear distance between two points. The population centers occupy different watersheds—the Charles River watershed to the east and the Concord River watershed to the west. In fact, they lie on different bedrock terranes that originated in different places in different eras. The terrane boundary coincides with the Bloody Bluff fault, named for a rocky notch where British troops were trapped by ferocious provincial fire. Here the land leans toward the security of the sea. To the west, it leans toward a hinterland where pioneering residents looked to one another for community support. Without the Lexington Road and its regular stagecoach traffic, 18th-century Concord would have remained an agricultural village. Instead, it became a prominent node in an expanding trade network. The significance of the watershed divide between country and city diminished only after the Fitchburg Railroad reached Concord in 1844. Top: The woods surrounding Walden Pond. Bottom: Concord’s Great Meadow. The construction of a railroad in 1844 made the town a day-trip destination for middle-class urbanites. (Amani Willett for The Atlantic) Before steam power and the internal combustion engine, the main source of mechanical power in Concord derived from flowing water. Harnessing hydropower required the construction of a dam, behind which a reservoir filled up with streamflow. For much of its history, Concord village was defined by a man-made pond, the filling of which was the counterpart to our putting fuel in a tank or recharging a battery.At Concord’s beginning, in the 1630s, its settlers clustered in a central village to take advantage of the waterpower of Mill Brook. A dam was built on the stream in a constricted space—the site of an abandoned fishing weir put in place by Indigenous occupants to capture the seasonal runs of shad and salmon coming upstream to spawn. The mill dam was sufficient for two centuries to power a diversity of small-scale manufacturing enterprises, including grist- and sawmills and blacksmith shops, but it was not enough to expand and compete even with the small factory cities west of Musketaquid, such as nearby Maynard and Stow, not to mention the industrial behemoths Lowell and Lawrence to the north. The enduring legacy of Mill Brook was to foster the growth of a central village in a colony where dispersed residences became the norm. Together with the Great Field and Great Meadow, the nucleated village of Concord, where people settled thickly under the watchful eyes of neighbors, manifested the Puritan ideal of community on the ground.Above the marshy meadows of Musketaquid, but below the fairly level wooded land over which Concord center sprawled, is a discrete alluvial floodplain dominated by river-transported silt and sand. And where this alluvium is absent, the meadows have low, natural-edging levees, high and dry enough to provide a habitat for a beautiful “gallery” forest fringing all three rivers on both sides. This extensive strip of trees constituted a buffer zone between the deforested open landscape of farms, fields, and pastures and the never-forested wetland of meadows and streams. As Thoreau floated down the rivers and walked along their banks, he delighted in this woodland composed not of tall pine and hickory, but of willow, alder, birch, red maple, and other species. Ralph Waldo Emerson’s home in Concord, and the nature reflected in its window (Amani Willett for The Atlantic) While drafting Nature from his second-floor study in the Old Manse—the house near Old North Bridge later occupied by Nathaniel and Sophia Hawthorne—Emerson would look out over a field and stone walls toward a gallery forest on both sides of the Concord River. Thoreau’s views, when he traveled the river by boat, skates, or snowshoes, were flanked by woods on both sides. Owing to its hydrology, Concord’s gallery forest persisted, even during the peak deforestation of the mid-19th century, when forest cover was reduced to about 10 percent of the town’s land area.Along the southern edge of Concord lies an elevated tract of droughty, infertile, and often bumpy land that remained unfit for development well into the 20th century. The uphill climb to that tract, known as Brister’s Hill for a once-enslaved Black man who made his residence there as a free man, is the north-facing escarpment of a forested plateau known as Walden Woods. Composed mainly of river gravel and sand, this upland is an ancient glacial delta that built outward over buried blocks of stagnant glacial ice. When those blocks later melted underground, the result was a chain of sinkhole lakes and ponds called kettles. The largest and purest of these is Walden Pond, the deepest lake in Massachusetts.For the Transcendentalists of the 1830s and ’40s, Walden Pond served as a source of inspiration within an easy walk of Emerson’s parlor. When Thoreau lived there in the mid-1840s, the lake became the imagined interlocutor for his philosophical musings—“Walden, is it you?”—and a powerful symbol of the unity of nature. Though the still-beautiful Concord River had been greatly changed by this time, Walden Pond, “earth’s eye,” became Thoreau’s exemplar of purity and eternity in a landscape denuded of trees and drained of its wetlands.But the commercialism and superficial mass culture that dismayed Emerson and outraged Thoreau intruded even here. An entrepreneurial agent for the Fitchburg Railroad built an amusement park at “Lake Walden.” In the Gilded Age, it became a day trip by train for middle-class urbanites and poor children from the Boston tenements. Eventually, the Emerson family acquired the bulk of the woodland surrounding the pond and donated it for public use.Concord is not unique in having one or more beautiful lakes within its borders. What makes it singular is that Thoreau’s book of the place made the place of the book world-famous. Walden became the foundational text for the aesthetic strand of the American environmental movement. Its emphasis on nature’s beauty and the spiritual inspiration that could be enjoyed at a humble kettle pond presented a pointed contrast to the utilitarian strand of the movement pioneered by George Perkins Marsh, the author of Man and Nature (1864), who sought to conserve nature for economic purposes. Of course, unwittingly, Thoreau’s classic also enhanced the tourist trade.In the 20th century, Concord, a town whose motto at times could be “Resisting change since 1775,” became a progressive leader on environmental and sustainability issues. Its otherwise inauspicious lake is now a global symbol and a destination for admirers of Thoreau. The more than 160,000 international pilgrims who come to visit every year, together with the attentions of nearby residents, threaten to love the pond and woods to death. It has been an ongoing political struggle to preserve Walden as it was in Thoreau’s day—an admittedly impossible task. Attempting to live up to that responsibility earned Concord acclaim across the world, notwithstanding the town’s decision in 1958 to site the town landfill within 800 feet of the lake—a choice considered temporary at the time and that local activists are now seeking to mitigate.Not everyone has appreciated the distinct landscape created by Concord’s geological history. In 1844, Margaret Fuller accused Emerson of settling for a placid suburban existence. A noble soul like his, she believed, required a sublime setting—dazzling waterfalls and mountain peaks—rather than the “poor cold low life” of Concord. Defensively, the country gentleman counted his blessings. If the town lacked “the thickets of the forest and the fatigues of mountains,” it was easy to reach and traverse. It was close enough to the city to attract big-name lecturers and performers, and yet distant enough to possess “the grand features of nature.” More than 160,000 pilgrims from around the globe visit Walden Pond each year. (Amani Willett for The Atlantic) Thoreau put the matter succinctly: Wildness lies all around us, and in it is “the preservation of the world.” Could not every town, he proposed, create a park “or rather a primitive forest of five hundred or a thousand acres, where a stick should never be cut for fuel,” but be “a common possession forever, for instruction and recreation”? His neighbors took the suggestion to heart. In the 160-plus years since his death, they preserved a sizable portion of the town’s farms, forests, and wetlands from economic development. Of Concord’s nearly 16,200 acres of land, roughly 6,120 acres, or 38 percent, are now “permanently protected open space,” according to a 2015 town plan. Thoreau’s own close studies of natural phenomena, including his phenological notes on seasonal events—when plants leaf, for example, and when birds migrate, and when the river ice breaks up—are now indispensable records with which scientists assess the advance and toll of climate change today.Yet the challenge to care for that environmental heritage is ongoing. Concord is not frozen in time. It is an active, changing community facing unrelenting pressures for economic development—for instance, controversial proposals for a cell tower in Walden Woods and for expanded private-jet flights from nearby Hanscom Field. Thoreau witnessed the same root conflict. With geology emerging as a science in his time, he intuited that nature was as subject to change as human society; it was no fixed backdrop.For all our extraordinary human achievements, we remain earthlings. Rocks and minerals give rise to ecosystems, upon which human cultures are dependent. That’s the direction of human history in deep time: up from the ground. In our unprecedented modern geological epoch, the aptly named Anthropocene, human beings have become the dominant geological agents, thanks to the power of fossil fuels—also up from the ground, but exhaustible and not enduring. That change has its origins in the Industrial Revolution, against whose excesses the Transcendentalists warned.On April 19, 2025, some 70,000 people converged on Concord to celebrate the 250th anniversary of the battle that started it all. Marching in the parade were representatives from some of the 97 communities in the United States that take their name from the birthplace of the Revolution. The celebrations proved to be patriotic as well as inclusive, paying tribute to the heritage of liberty and self-government that is the legacy of the New England town. They were also surprisingly cheerful for our polarized time, though a good many participants did carry signs inspired by the minutemen: NO KING THEN, NO KING NOW.Every place is unique because every place is the contingent outcome of its own inescapable cascade of events—from rock to ecosystem to culture. Concord was lucky in its location, inheriting advantages from natural landscape and history on which its inhabitants could build a sense of place and community. It was a fierce determination to defend that community, with its tradition of town-meeting government, that inspired the resistance to the British regulars. The location of the Old North Bridge at a bedrock-anchored narrows between two large meadows made a logical place for the shot heard round the world. The Battle Road that led to it was flanked by stone walls and trees lining the edges of fields, at times narrowing to pass over streams or curving sharply to follow landforms. The character of the Concord fight owed much to geology. It helps explain the rout of the redcoats—and the ensuing popular confidence in the possibility of a military victory that lay eight years ahead.This article appears in the November 2025 print edition with the headline “Why Concord?”

Exxon delays planned plastics plant on Texas coast

The announcement comes six weeks after a judge struck down the local school district’s decision to give Exxon a tax break for the $10 billion plant in Calhoun County.

Sign up for The Brief, The Texas Tribune’s daily newsletter that keeps readers up to speed on the most essential Texas news. This story is published in partnership with Inside Climate News, a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter here. Exxon Mobil will postpone its plans for a large new plastics production plant on the Gulf coast, according to the company. Construction was initially planned to begin next year on the $10 billion facility in rural Calhoun County. “Based on current market conditions, we are going to slow the pace of our development for the Coastal Plain Venture,” Exxon said in an emailed statement. “We’re confident in our growth strategy, and we remain interested in a potential project along the US Gulf Coast and in other regions around the world.” Six weeks prior, a county district court judge invalidated the local school board’s decision to negotiate a tax break agreement with Exxon, following a lawsuit from Diane Wilson, 77, and her group, San Antonio Bay Estuarine Waterkeeper. On Aug. 19 the judge ordered the school board to redo its public hearing on Exxon’s tax break after Wilson alleged the district provided inadequate notice of the meeting in “a deliberate attempt to avoid public opposition.” Wilson, an internationally known environmental advocate, promised to bring a large audience for the repeat hearing. “I think it definitely played into it,” Wilson said of Exxon’s pause. “I think if everybody had just rolled over for them, if they got exactly what they wanted and there wasn’t a big fight, there would be no delay.” Exxon, which reported nearly $34 billion in profits in 2024, was seeking a 50% reduction in its property taxes to the rural Calhoun County Independent School District for 10 years, beginning in 2031, when the project would come online. The world-scale plastics plant was planned to produce up to 3 million tons per year of polyethylene pellets for export, primarily to Asia, according to Exxon’s December 2024 tax abatement application. John Titas, president of the Victoria Economic Development Corporation in nearby Victoria, said he didn’t think Exxon’s decision was related to the tax break fight. “I think they’ve been very thankful for the support they received in the community,” he said. “It’s economics. To justify an investment of that magnitude, you’ve got to make sure the market will provide a return.” In Exxon’s latest statement, first reported last week by Independent Commodity Intelligence Services, an industry news service, the company maintained the possibility of resuming the project in the future. “We’re maintaining good relationships with community leaders and contractors, so we are ready to reevaluate the project’s status when market conditions improve,” it said. Exxon didn’t specify which market conditions would need to change. Most projections forecast strong growth in plastics demand over coming years. The economic intelligence firm Precedence Research expects markets for polyethylene, which the Exxon plant would produce, to grow 64% between 2024 and 2034, according to a June 2025 assessment. Another firm, Expert Market Research, expects overall plastics markets to grow 51% in that time. According to the Plastics Industry Association, “The global plastics industry continues to accelerate, backed by strong demand.” Wilson said the project’s delay marked the best news she’d heard since 2019, when she found out that her lawsuit against another nearby petrochemical giant, Formosa Plastics, would end with a settlement worth more than $100 million in penalty payouts, facility upgrades and cleanup projects. Credit: Dylan Baddour/Inside Climate News A retired shrimper and mother of five, Wilson learned her tactics of resistance over decades of radical activism in defense of Texas’ coastal bays, where four generations of her family have fished for a living. In 2023 she received the Goldman Environmental Prize, the leading global award for environmental activism. As soon as she heard about the new Exxon project, in December 2024, she said she leaped into action, involving herself in the various public processes she’s come to know about, including the school district tax break agreements. “How a community reacts is extremely important and it’s extremely important that you do it in the beginning,” she said. “Move fast and don’t let up.” Disclosure: The Victoria Economic Development Corporation has been a financial supporter of The Texas Tribune, a nonprofit, nonpartisan news organization that is funded in part by donations from members, foundations and corporate sponsors. Financial supporters play no role in the Tribune's journalism. Find a complete list of them here. The wait is over! The full TribFest program is here. Join us Nov. 13–15 in downtown Austin and hear from 300+ thinkers, leaders and change-makers shaping Texas’ future. TribFest gives you a front-row seat to what’s next, with 100+ sessions covering education, the economy, policy, culture and more. Explore the program. TribFest 2025 is presented by JPMorganChase.

Goodall's Influence Spread Far and Wide. Those Who Felt It Are Pledging to Continue Her Work

In the wake of Jane Goodall's death, the many scientists and others influenced by her are promising to do their best to carry on her legacy

In her 91 years, Jane Goodall transformed science and humanity's understanding of our closest living relatives on the planet — chimpanzees and other great apes. Her patient fieldwork and tireless advocacy for conservation inspired generations of future researchers and activists, especially women and young people, around the world.Her death on Wednesday set off a torrent of tributes for the famed primate researcher, with many people sharing stories of how Goodall and her work inspired their own careers. The tributes also included pledges to honor Goodall’s memory by redoubling efforts to safeguard a planet that sorely needs it. Making space in science for animal minds and emotions “Jane Goodall is an icon – because she was the start of so much,” said Catherine Crockford, a primatologist at the CNRS Institute for Cognitive Sciences in France. She recalled how many years ago Goodall answered a letter from a young aspiring researcher. “I wrote her a letter asking how to become a primatologist. She sent back a handwritten letter and told me it will be hard, but I should try,” Crockford said. “For me, she gave me my career.”Goodall was one of three pioneering young women studying great apes in the 1960s and 1970s who began to revolutionize the way people understood just what was -- and wasn’t -- unique about our own species. Sometimes called the “Tri-mates,” Goodall, Dian Fossey and Biruté Galdikas spent years documenting the intimate lives of chimpanzees in Tanzania, mountain gorillas in Rwanda, and orangutans in Indonesia, respectively.The projects they began have produced some of the long-running studies about animal behavior in the world that are crucial to understanding such long-lived species. “These animals are like us, slow to mature and reproduce, and living for decades. We are still learning new things about them,” said Tara Stoinski, a primatologist and president of the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund. “Jane and Dian knew each other and learned from each other, and the scientists who continued their work continue to collaborate today.”Goodall studied chimpanzees — as a species and as individuals. And she named them: David Greybeard, Flo, Fifi, Goliath. That was highly unconventional at the time, but Goodall’s attention to individuals created space for scientists to observe and record differences in individual behaviors, preferences and even emotions.Catherine Hobaiter, a primatologist at St. Andrews University who was inspired by Goodall, recalled how Goodall carefully combined empathy and objectivity. Goodall liked to use a particular phrase, “If they were human, we would describe them as happy,” or “If they were human, we would describe them as friends –- these two individuals together,” Hobaiter said. Goodall didn’t project precise feelings onto the chimpanzees, but nor did she deny the capacity of animals besides humans to have emotional lives.Goodall and her frequent collaborator, evolutionary biologist Marc Bekoff, had just finished the text of a forthcoming children's book, called “Every Elephant Has a Name,” which will be published around early 2027. Inspiring scientists and advocates for nature around the world From the late 1980s until her death, Goodall spent less time in the field and more time on the road talking to students, teachers, diplomats, park rangers, presidents and many others around the world. She inspired countless others through her books. Her mission was to inspire action to protect the natural world.In 1991, she founded an organization called Roots & Shoots that grew to include chapters of young people in dozens of countries.Stuart Pimm, a Duke University ecologist and founder of the nonprofit Saving Nature, recalled when he and Goodall were invited to speak to a congressional hearing about deforestation and extinction. Down the marble halls of the government building, “there was a huge line of teenage girls and their mothers just waiting to get inside the room to hear Jane speak,” Pimm said Thursday. “She was mobbed everywhere she went -- she was just this incredible inspiration to people in general, particularly to young women.”Goodall wanted everyone to find their voice, no matter their age or station, said Zanagee Artis, co-founder of the youth climate movement Zero Hour. “I really appreciated how much Jane valued young people being in the room -- she really fostered intergenerational movement building,” said Artis, who now works for the Natural Resources Defense Council.And she did it around the world. Roots & Shoots has a chapter in China, which Goodall visited multiple times.“My sense was that Jane Goodall was highly respected in China and that her organization was successful in China because it focused on topics like environmental and conservation education for youth that had broad appeal without touching on political sensitivities,” said Alex Wang, a University of California, Los Angeles expert on China and the environment, who previously worked in Beijing.What is left now that Goodall is gone is her unending hope, perhaps her greatest legacy.“She believed hope was not simply a feeling, but a tool,” Rhett Butler, founder of the nonprofit conservation-news site Mongabay, wrote in his Substack newsletter. “Hope, she would tell me, creates agency.” Carrying forward her legacy Goodall’s legacy and life’s work will continue through her family, scientists, her institute and legions of young people around the globe who are working to bridge conservation and humanitarian needs in their own communities, her longtime assistant said Thursday.That includes Goodall’s son and three grandchildren, who are an important part of the work of the Jane Goodall Institute and in their own endeavors, said Mary Lewis, a vice president at the institute who began working with the famed primatologist in 1990.Goodall’s son, Hugo van Lawick, works on sustainable housing. He is currently in Rwanda. Grandson Merlin and granddaughter Angelo work with the institute, while grandson Nick is a photographer and filmmaker, Lewis said. “She has her own family legacy as well as the legacy through her institutes around the world,” said Lewis.In addition to her famed research center in Tanzania and chimpanzee sanctuaries in other countries, including the Republic of Congo and South Africa, a new cultural center is expected to open in Tanzania late next year. There also are Jane Goodall Institutes in 26 countries, and communities are leading conservation projects in several countries, including an effort in Senegal to save critically endangered Western chimpanzees.But it is the institute’s youth-led education program called Roots & Shoots that Goodall regarded as her enduring legacy because it is “empowering new generations,” Lewis said.The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. AP’s climate and environmental coverage receives financial support from multiple private foundations. AP is solely responsible for all content. Find AP’s standards for working with philanthropies, a list of supporters and funded coverage areas at AP.org.Copyright 2025 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.Photos You Should See – Sept. 2025

‘Only if we help shall all be saved’: Jane Goodall showed we can all be part of the solution

Jane Goodall showed tremendous courage in charting her own course as a pioneering researcher – and working to spread hope wherever she went.

Penelope Breese/GettyWith the passing of Dr Jane Goodall, the world has lost a conservation giant. But her extraordinary achievements leave a profound legacy. Goodall was a world-leading expert in animal behaviour and a globally recognised environmental and conservation advocate. She achieved all this at a time when women were commonly sidelined or ignored in science. Her work with chimpanzees showed it was wrong to assume only humans used tools. She showed us the animals expressed emotions such as love and grief and have individual personalities. Goodall showed us scientists can express their emotions and values and that we can be respected researchers as well as passionate advocates and science communicators. After learning about how chimpanzees were being used in medical research, she spoke out: “I went to the conference as a scientist, and I left as an activist.” As childhood rights activist Marian Wright Edelman has eloquently put it, “You can’t be what you can’t see”. Goodall showed what it was possible to be. Forging her own path Goodall took a nontraditional path into science. The brave step of going into the field at the age of 26 to make observations was supported by her mother. Despite making world-first discoveries such as tool use by non-humans, people didn’t take her seriously because she hadn’t yet gone to university. Nowadays, people who contribute wildlife observations are celebrated under the banner of citizen science. Goodall was a beacon at a time when science was largely dominated by men – especially remote fieldwork. But she changed that narrative. She convinced famous paleoanthropologist Louis Leakey to give her a chance. He first employed her as a secretary. But it wasn’t long until he asked her to go to Tanzania’s remote Gombe Stream National Park. In 1960, she arrived. This was not easy. It took real courage to work in a remote area with limited support alongside chimpanzees, a species thought to be peaceful but now known to be far stronger than humans and capable of killing animals and humans. Goodall is believed to be the only person accepted into chimpanzee society. Through calm but determined persistence she won their trust. These qualities served Goodall well – not just with chimps, but throughout her entire career advocating for conservation and societal change. At Gombe, she showed for the first time that animals could fashion and use tools, had individual personalities, expressed emotions and had a higher intelligence and understanding than they were credited with. Jane Goodall worked with chimpanzees for decades. This 2015 video shows her releasing Wounda, an injured chimpanzee helped back to health in the Republic of Congo. Goodall was always an animal person and her love of chimps was in part inspired by her toy Jubilee, gifted by her father. She had close bonds with her pets and extended these bonds to wildlife. Goodall gave her study subjects names such as “David Greybeard”, the first chimp to accept her at Gombe. Some argue we shouldn’t place a human persona on animals by naming them. But Goodall showed it was not only acceptable to see animals as individuals with different behaviours, but it greatly aids connection with and care for wildlife. Goodall became an international voice for wildlife. She used her profile to encourage a focus on animal welfare in conservation, caring for both individuals and species. Jane Goodall’s pioneering work with chimpanzees shed light on these animals as individuals – and showed they make tools and experience emotions. Apic/Getty A pioneer for women in science With Goodall’s passing, the world has lost one of the three great “nonagenarian environmental luminaries”, to use co-author Vanessa Pirotta’s phrase. The other two are the naturalist documentary maker, Sir David Attenborough, 99, and famed marine biologist Dr Sylvia Earle, who is 90. Goodall showed us women can be pioneering scientists and renowned communicators as well as mothers. She shared her work in ways accessible to all generations, from National Geographic documentaries to hip podcasts. Her visibility encouraged girls and women around the world to be bold and follow our own paths. Goodall’s story directly inspired several authors of this article. Co-author Marissa Parrott was privileged to have spoken to Goodall several times during her visits to Melbourne Zoo and on her world tours. Goodall’s story was a direct inspiration for Parrott’s own remote and international fieldwork, supported by her mother just as Goodall’s mother had supported her. They both survived malaria, which also kills chimpanzees and gorillas. Goodall long championed a One Health approach, recognising the health of communities, wildlife and the environment are all interconnected. Co-author Zara Bending worked and toured alongside Goodall. The experience demonstrated how conservationists could be powerful advocates through storytelling, and how our actions reveal who we are. As Goodall once said: every single one of us matters, every single one of us has a role to play, and every single one of us makes a difference every single day. From the forest floor to global icon Goodall knew conservation is as much about people as it is about wildlife and wild places. Seventeen years after beginning her groundbreaking research in Gombe, Goodall established the Jane Goodall Institute with the mission of protecting wildlife and habitat by engaging local communities. Her institute’s global network now spans five continents and continues her legacy of community-centred conservation. Researchers have now been studying the chimps at Gombe for 65 years. Goodall moved from fieldwork to being a global conservation icon who regularly travelled more than 300 days a year. She observed many young people across cultures and creeds who had lost hope for their future amid environmental and climate destruction. In response, she founded a second organisation, Roots & Shoots, in 1991. Her goal was: to foster respect and compassion for all living things, to promote understanding of all cultures and beliefs, and to inspire each individual to take action to make the world a better place for people, other animals, and the environment. Last year, Roots & Shoots groups were active in 75 countries. Their work is a testament to Goodall’s mantra: find hope in action. Jane Goodall went from pioneering field researcher to international conservation icon. David S. Holloway/Getty Protecting nature close to home One of Goodall’s most remarkable attributes was her drive to give people the power to take action where they were. No matter where people lived or what they did, she helped them realise they could be part of the solution. In a busy, urbanised world, it’s easier than ever to feel disconnected from nature. Rather than presenting nature as a distant concept, Goodall made it something for everyone to experience, care for and cherish. She showed we didn’t have to leave our normal lives behind to protect nature – we could make just as much difference in our own communities. One of her most famous quotes rings just as true today as when she first said it: only if we understand, can we care. Only if we care, will we help. Only if we help shall all be saved. Let’s honour her world-changing legacy by committing to understand, care and help save all species with whom we share this world. For Jane Goodall. Euan Ritchie is a Councillor with the Biodiversity Council, a member of the Ecological Society of Australia and the Australian Mammal Society, and President of the Australian Mammal Society.Zara Bending is affiliated with the Jane Goodall Institute as a resident expert on wildlife crime and international law. Kylie Soanes, Marissa Parrott, and Vanessa Pirotta do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

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