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A war of words on CA ballot props

News Feed
Tuesday, August 13, 2024

Voters fill out their ballots at a polling place inside Assumption Church in Los Angeles on March 3, 2020. Photo by Kyle Grillot, Reuters It’s one of the battles within California’s ballot measure wars: The wording that voters see about the propositions.  Monday marked the end of the public inspection period for the state’s official Voter Guide, so there was a flurry of activity. The Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association was waiting to hear Monday night what a state appeals court decided on a Sacramento County judge’s ruling that the ballot label for Proposition 5 needed to be rewritten. Critics have long complained that the state’s elected attorney general — they’ve all been Democrats since 1999 — skews the label, title and summary of ballot measures to match their political preferences.  The taxpayers association argued that the Prop. 5 label should say that it would lower the majority required to approve local borrowing measures from two-thirds to 55%. The original label — a condensed version of the title and summary — only included the 55% figure, so voters might believe that the threshold is being raised from a simple majority, the taxpayer group says. The ruling last week, which the attorney general’s office appealed, found that the label “fails to inform” voters the main purpose of Prop. 5, and that without “additional clarifying language,” the label could mislead voters. (Labels are allowed to run 75 words long and Prop. 5’s label is 65 words.) Laura Dougherty, the association’s director of legal affairs, said in an email to CalMatters that the attorney general “has a duty to inform the public of the chief points and purposes of every measure” and that “there are plenty of words left for the printer to add the information.” In his appeal, Attorney General Rob Bonta said the office is afforded “substantial deference” in determining ballot labels. Not only is Prop. 5’s label accurate, Bonta argued, but also that the court “seemingly invented a new” standard of review that granted his ballot materials less consideration “if he does not use all available words.” Rent control: It’s not just the title and summary: Supporters and opponents can also go to court about the official ballot arguments. The same judge on Monday found that four of the six statements made by the California Apartment Association about Prop. 33, a rent-control measure that the association opposes, must be deleted or amended. The court order called for language that hedges the association’s claims: For example, its argument must say Prop. 33 would “weaken,” not “repeal” renter protections, and “undermines,” not “eliminates” a statewide rent control law. School bond: There’s another battle brewing, this one on Prop. 2, which would let the state borrow $10 billion to fix and build schools and community colleges. The state Republican Party is weighing whether to endorse it, and a recommendation for “yes” from the party’s 14-member Initiatives Committee is drawing fire from California College Republicans and some Republican legislators.  The college group says Prop. 2 violates the party platform and also points out that the state party had a neutral position on Prop. 1, Gov. Gavin Newsom’s mental health measure on the March ballot that included $6.4 billion in bonds — and that barely passed. (The state Democratic Party is supporting Prop. 2.)  GOP delegates can reject the committee’s recommendation with a two-thirds majority and have until Aug. 28 to vote. Ellie Hockenbury, California GOP spokesperson: “The CAGOP’s ballot initiative endorsement process is still underway, and we have not yet taken a position on Proposition 2. The party greatly respects our delegates and values their opinion as part of that process.” November election: Keep up with CalMatters coverage by signing up for 2024 election emails. Check out our Voter Guide, including updates and videos on the 10 propositions and a FAQ on how to vote. More honors: Sisi Wei, now chief impact officer at CalMatters, won the leadership in diversity and solidarity award from the Asian American Journalists Association for her work as editor in chief of The Markup, which joined CalMatters earlier this year. Speaking of the AAJA, it partnered with CalMatters for the second year of JCal, a summer training program for high school journalists. Read more on both from our engagement team. CalMatters covers the Capitol: We have guides and stories to keep track of bills and your lawmakers; find out how well legislators are representing you; explore the Legislature’s record diversity; and to make your voice heard. Other Stories You Should Know Time is short on insurance fix State Insurance Commissioner Ricardo Lara speaks during a press conference with labor leaders and advocates in Commerce on Sept. 26, 2022. Photo by Alisha Jucevic for CalMatters From CalMatters economy reporter Levi Sumagaysay: California Insurance Commissioner Ricardo Lara bypassed the Legislature and announced changes that could mean insurance companies’ requests to raise premiums would get approved more quickly.  As the state scrambles to deal with problems with property insurance availability and affordability, a planned trailer bill by Gov. Newsom proposed speeding up insurance rate reviews to get insurance companies to start or resume writing more policies here. (Trailer bills are attached to the state budget, and sometimes change policy with minimal public discussion.)  But apparently even this shortcut was not fast enough: On Friday, the Insurance Department and the governor’s office said they needed to act immediately, so Lara issued a bulletin that does the same thing as the trailer bill. “We do not have the luxury of time,” Lara said in a press release. The Legislature actually took no action on the trailer bill, according to two sources familiar with the matter. They said the proposal was more about policy and not about the budget, so lawmakers — who are having to make difficult choices as they deal with a multibillion-dollar deficit — didn’t even consider it. Democratic Senate Pro Tem Mike McGuire of Santa Rosa did not seem to mind that Lara issued a bulletin instead. “The importance is intensifying as wildfires continue to take lives, destroy homes, and level communities,” he said in a statement. The changes Lara announced in the bulletin establishes a tighter timeline for rate reviews and are one part of his broader plan to try to fix the state’s insurance woes. The Insurance Department must respond within 60 days of a rate review, with room for two 30-day extensions, once its new rate-reconciliation tool that will help with the process is up and running. This is expected to be in January, according to department spokesperson Michael Soller. Insurance companies have complained about rate reviews taking too long, so some representatives of the insurance industry have said the changes are necessary.  But Consumer Watchdog, an advocacy group that often challenges rate reviews, is looking into the commissioner’s authority to make such changes. Carmen Balber, the group’s executive director, told CalMatters the stricter timelines for rate reviews might “limit consumers’ voice in oversight.” Speaking of insurance: Rising insurance costs don’t just impact single-family homeowners. Levi dives into how insurance companies have nearly stopped writing policies for apartment and commercial properties, too. And landlords could pass higher insurance premiums onto tenants, further worsening the state’s housing crunch. Uwe Karbenk, a landlord who co-owns a building in San Bernardino, said soaring premiums are especially hard for mom-and-pop landlords. Landlords are already limited by state laws over how much they’re allowed to raise rent each year, and another rent-control measure is on the Nov. 5 ballot. To be a landlord in the state is like “death by a thousand cuts,” said Karbenk. Read more about the impact of rising insurance costs in Levi’s story. Should CA schools build housing? Carolina Sanchez Garcia cooks with her daughter, Berthalinda Hernandez, 6, at their home in San Diego on Aug. 7, 2024. Photo by Zoë Meyers for CalMatters To address the state’s high cost of living and looming teacher shortage, California’s schools chief Tony Thurmond laid out an ambitious plan in July to develop more housing for teachers using land owned by school districts.  While some teachers have benefited greatly from similar housing projects, some superintendents remain wary, writes CalMatters K-12 education reporter Carolyn Jones. Thurmond’s plan includes financial incentives for districts that pass bonds to build staff housing. But many districts can’t even pass bonds to repair existing school buildings. Some superintendents also say they’re already spread too thin — to expect them to undertake complex real estate projects is a tall ask.  Mendocino County Superintendent Nicole Glentzer: “When you’re the superintendent and the principal and head of maintenance and you’re teaching Spanish, how are you supposed to find the bandwidth for this? I have a degree in education. I never took a real estate course.” But supporters of the plan point to teachers such as Carolina Sanchez Garcia, a San Diego preschool teacher. For more than a decade, she said she commuted from Tijuana, waking up at 2 a.m. to get to work on time. After landing a three-bedroom apartment through San Diego Unified, it now takes her 15 minutes to get to work. She pays $1,300 a month in a city where the median rent is $3,156 a month. Garcia: “It’s changed my life. … It’s made me a better mother and a better teacher. Now, I start my day feeling positive and energized.” Learn more about affordable housing for teachers in Carolyn’s story. California Voices CalMatters columnist Dan Walters: Gov. Newsom is quick to blame local governments for not doing enough to reduce homelessness, but experts and local officials say withholding state funds is the biggest impediment. California Voices intern Kate McQuarrie: Seven years after the #MeToo movement galvanized women in the state Legislature, accusations of sexual assault within the San Francisco Democratic Party underscore how prevalent sexual misconduct remains in California politics. Other things worth your time: Some stories may require a subscription to read. CA Legislature passes bills to curb retail theft // Los Angeles TimesDemocrats strip party switcher Alvarado-Gil of leadership, committee posts // KCRA Sen. Atkins, 2026 candidate for governor, missed retail theft bill votes // The Sacramento Bee Environmental justice cause is drawing Harris both cheers and attacks // Politico New CA laws take effect as the school year begins // EdSource Widely felt 4.4 earthquake rattles Los Angeles // Los Angeles Times CA’s oldest family-owned rice farm is closing // San Francisco Chronicle Fentanyl is getting weaker, making users more desperate // The San Francisco Standard Where LA stands on key transit projects for 2028 Olympics LAist Golden Gate Bridge protesters surrender to face controversial charges // KQED

It’s one of the battles within California’s ballot measure wars: The wording that voters see about the propositions.  Monday marked the end of the public inspection period for the state’s official Voter Guide, so there was a flurry of activity. The Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association was waiting to hear Monday night what a state appeals […]

Rows of yellow voting marking devices while voters fill out their ballots at a polling place inside Assumption Church in the Boyle Heights neighborhood of Los Angeles on March 3, 2020. Photo by Kyle Grillot, Reuters
Rows of yellow voting marking devices while voters fill out their ballots at a polling place inside Assumption Church in the Boyle Heights neighborhood of Los Angeles on March 3, 2020. Photo by Kyle Grillot, Reuters
Voters fill out their ballots at a polling place inside Assumption Church in Los Angeles on March 3, 2020. Photo by Kyle Grillot, Reuters

It’s one of the battles within California’s ballot measure wars: The wording that voters see about the propositions. 

Monday marked the end of the public inspection period for the state’s official Voter Guide, so there was a flurry of activity.

The Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association was waiting to hear Monday night what a state appeals court decided on a Sacramento County judge’s ruling that the ballot label for Proposition 5 needed to be rewritten.

Critics have long complained that the state’s elected attorney general — they’ve all been Democrats since 1999skews the label, title and summary of ballot measures to match their political preferences. 

The taxpayers association argued that the Prop. 5 label should say that it would lower the majority required to approve local borrowing measures from two-thirds to 55%. The original label — a condensed version of the title and summary — only included the 55% figure, so voters might believe that the threshold is being raised from a simple majority, the taxpayer group says.

The ruling last week, which the attorney general’s office appealed, found that the label “fails to inform” voters the main purpose of Prop. 5, and that without “additional clarifying language,” the label could mislead voters. (Labels are allowed to run 75 words long and Prop. 5’s label is 65 words.)

Laura Dougherty, the association’s director of legal affairs, said in an email to CalMatters that the attorney general “has a duty to inform the public of the chief points and purposes of every measure” and that “there are plenty of words left for the printer to add the information.”

In his appeal, Attorney General Rob Bonta said the office is afforded “substantial deference” in determining ballot labels. Not only is Prop. 5’s label accurate, Bonta argued, but also that the court “seemingly invented a new” standard of review that granted his ballot materials less consideration “if he does not use all available words.”

Rent control: It’s not just the title and summary: Supporters and opponents can also go to court about the official ballot arguments. The same judge on Monday found that four of the six statements made by the California Apartment Association about Prop. 33, a rent-control measure that the association opposes, must be deleted or amended. The court order called for language that hedges the association’s claims: For example, its argument must say Prop. 33 would “weaken,” not “repeal” renter protections, and “undermines,” not “eliminates” a statewide rent control law.

School bond: There’s another battle brewing, this one on Prop. 2, which would let the state borrow $10 billion to fix and build schools and community colleges. The state Republican Party is weighing whether to endorse it, and a recommendation for “yes” from the party’s 14-member Initiatives Committee is drawing fire from California College Republicans and some Republican legislators

The college group says Prop. 2 violates the party platform and also points out that the state party had a neutral position on Prop. 1, Gov. Gavin Newsom’s mental health measure on the March ballot that included $6.4 billion in bonds — and that barely passed. (The state Democratic Party is supporting Prop. 2.) 

GOP delegates can reject the committee’s recommendation with a two-thirds majority and have until Aug. 28 to vote.

  • Ellie Hockenbury, California GOP spokesperson: “The CAGOP’s ballot initiative endorsement process is still underway, and we have not yet taken a position on Proposition 2. The party greatly respects our delegates and values their opinion as part of that process.”

November election: Keep up with CalMatters coverage by signing up for 2024 election emails. Check out our Voter Guide, including updates and videos on the 10 propositions and a FAQ on how to vote.


More honors: Sisi Wei, now chief impact officer at CalMatters, won the leadership in diversity and solidarity award from the Asian American Journalists Association for her work as editor in chief of The Markup, which joined CalMatters earlier this year. Speaking of the AAJA, it partnered with CalMatters for the second year of JCal, a summer training program for high school journalists. Read more on both from our engagement team.

CalMatters covers the Capitol: We have guides and stories to keep track of bills and your lawmakers; find out how well legislators are representing you; explore the Legislature’s record diversity; and to make your voice heard.


Other Stories You Should Know


Time is short on insurance fix

Ricardo Lara, California Insurance Commissioner, speaks during a press conference with Los Angeles labor leaders and advocates in Commerce on Sept. 26, 2022. Photo by Alisha Jucevic for CalMatters
State Insurance Commissioner Ricardo Lara speaks during a press conference with labor leaders and advocates in Commerce on Sept. 26, 2022. Photo by Alisha Jucevic for CalMatters

From CalMatters economy reporter Levi Sumagaysay:

California Insurance Commissioner Ricardo Lara bypassed the Legislature and announced changes that could mean insurance companies’ requests to raise premiums would get approved more quickly. 

As the state scrambles to deal with problems with property insurance availability and affordability, a planned trailer bill by Gov. Newsom proposed speeding up insurance rate reviews to get insurance companies to start or resume writing more policies here. (Trailer bills are attached to the state budget, and sometimes change policy with minimal public discussion.) 

But apparently even this shortcut was not fast enough: On Friday, the Insurance Department and the governor’s office said they needed to act immediately, so Lara issued a bulletin that does the same thing as the trailer bill. “We do not have the luxury of time,” Lara said in a press release.

The Legislature actually took no action on the trailer bill, according to two sources familiar with the matter. They said the proposal was more about policy and not about the budget, so lawmakers — who are having to make difficult choices as they deal with a multibillion-dollar deficit — didn’t even consider it.

Democratic Senate Pro Tem Mike McGuire of Santa Rosa did not seem to mind that Lara issued a bulletin instead. “The importance is intensifying as wildfires continue to take lives, destroy homes, and level communities,” he said in a statement.

The changes Lara announced in the bulletin establishes a tighter timeline for rate reviews and are one part of his broader plan to try to fix the state’s insurance woes. The Insurance Department must respond within 60 days of a rate review, with room for two 30-day extensions, once its new rate-reconciliation tool that will help with the process is up and running. This is expected to be in January, according to department spokesperson Michael Soller. Insurance companies have complained about rate reviews taking too long, so some representatives of the insurance industry have said the changes are necessary. 

But Consumer Watchdog, an advocacy group that often challenges rate reviews, is looking into the commissioner’s authority to make such changes. Carmen Balber, the group’s executive director, told CalMatters the stricter timelines for rate reviews might “limit consumers’ voice in oversight.”

Speaking of insurance: Rising insurance costs don’t just impact single-family homeowners. Levi dives into how insurance companies have nearly stopped writing policies for apartment and commercial properties, too. And landlords could pass higher insurance premiums onto tenants, further worsening the state’s housing crunch.

Uwe Karbenk, a landlord who co-owns a building in San Bernardino, said soaring premiums are especially hard for mom-and-pop landlords. Landlords are already limited by state laws over how much they’re allowed to raise rent each year, and another rent-control measure is on the Nov. 5 ballot. To be a landlord in the state is like “death by a thousand cuts,” said Karbenk.

Read more about the impact of rising insurance costs in Levi’s story.

Should CA schools build housing?

Soft daylight enters the kitchen through windows as an adult person stands near a fridge, while in the foreground a child with long hair, a purple dress, and roller-skates leans on a countertop.
Carolina Sanchez Garcia cooks with her daughter, Berthalinda Hernandez, 6, at their home in San Diego on Aug. 7, 2024. Photo by Zoë Meyers for CalMatters

To address the state’s high cost of living and looming teacher shortage, California’s schools chief Tony Thurmond laid out an ambitious plan in July to develop more housing for teachers using land owned by school districts. 

While some teachers have benefited greatly from similar housing projects, some superintendents remain wary, writes CalMatters K-12 education reporter Carolyn Jones.

Thurmond’s plan includes financial incentives for districts that pass bonds to build staff housing. But many districts can’t even pass bonds to repair existing school buildings. Some superintendents also say they’re already spread too thin — to expect them to undertake complex real estate projects is a tall ask. 

  • Mendocino County Superintendent Nicole Glentzer: “When you’re the superintendent and the principal and head of maintenance and you’re teaching Spanish, how are you supposed to find the bandwidth for this? I have a degree in education. I never took a real estate course.”

But supporters of the plan point to teachers such as Carolina Sanchez Garcia, a San Diego preschool teacher. For more than a decade, she said she commuted from Tijuana, waking up at 2 a.m. to get to work on time. After landing a three-bedroom apartment through San Diego Unified, it now takes her 15 minutes to get to work. She pays $1,300 a month in a city where the median rent is $3,156 a month.

  • Garcia: “It’s changed my life. … It’s made me a better mother and a better teacher. Now, I start my day feeling positive and energized.”

Learn more about affordable housing for teachers in Carolyn’s story.


California Voices

CalMatters columnist Dan Walters: Gov. Newsom is quick to blame local governments for not doing enough to reduce homelessness, but experts and local officials say withholding state funds is the biggest impediment.

California Voices intern Kate McQuarrie: Seven years after the #MeToo movement galvanized women in the state Legislature, accusations of sexual assault within the San Francisco Democratic Party underscore how prevalent sexual misconduct remains in California politics.


Other things worth your time:

Some stories may require a subscription to read.


CA Legislature passes bills to curb retail theft // Los Angeles Times

Democrats strip party switcher Alvarado-Gil of leadership, committee posts // KCRA

Sen. Atkins, 2026 candidate for governor, missed retail theft bill votes // The Sacramento Bee

Environmental justice cause is drawing Harris both cheers and attacks // Politico

New CA laws take effect as the school year begins // EdSource

Widely felt 4.4 earthquake rattles Los Angeles // Los Angeles Times

CA’s oldest family-owned rice farm is closing // San Francisco Chronicle

Fentanyl is getting weaker, making users more desperate // The San Francisco Standard

Where LA stands on key transit projects for 2028 Olympics LAist

Golden Gate Bridge protesters surrender to face controversial charges // KQED

Read the full story here.
Photos courtesy of

My father, Ken Saro-Wiwa, died fighting for a clean Nigeria. Thirty years on it’s time to stop sucking on the dirty teat of the oil cash cow | Noo Saro-Wiwa

In 1995, as one of the Ogoni Nine, he was hanged after protesting against Shell’s oil pollution. With education and a move towards renewable energy, we can honour his legacyEarlier this year, my father, Ken Saro-Wiwa, and his eight colleagues, known collectively as the Ogoni Nine, were pardoned for a crime they never committed. After peacefully campaigning against environmental degradation of Ogoniland in Nigeria at the hands of the oil industry, they were imprisoned by the military dictatorship on false charges of treason and incitement to murder, following a trial condemned by the international community as a sham.On 10 November 1995, the men were executed by hanging. Continue reading...

Earlier this year, my father, Ken Saro-Wiwa, and his eight colleagues, known collectively as the Ogoni Nine, were pardoned for a crime they never committed. After peacefully campaigning against environmental degradation of Ogoniland in Nigeria at the hands of the oil industry, they were imprisoned by the military dictatorship on false charges of treason and incitement to murder, following a trial condemned by the international community as a sham.On 10 November 1995, the men were executed by hanging.Thirty years on, the government of President Bola Tinubu granted a pardon to the Ogoni Nine. While our families welcome this as a step in the right direction, it is not enough – a pardon suggests that these nine innocent men committed a crime. Although the court of public opinion recognises their innocence and courage, it is important that they are officially exonerated. The refusal of successive governments to do this speaks volumes. It speaks of a corrupt cabal that has ruled Nigeria directly and indirectly over the past few decades and continues to stifle any attempt to honour my father’s memory.But that legacy can never be suppressed. Ken Saro-Wiwa and thousands of brave Ogoni protesters ensured that Shell Oil pulled out of Ogoniland in 1993. Since then, the multinational has been held to account for some of its environmental damage and was ordered to pay compensation for oil spills including the disaster in Bodo in 2008. Shell subsequently divested from the Niger delta earlier this year and sold its onshore leases to a local consortium (which raises further concerns about their liability for past oil spills). My father’s death led to the creation of the Hydrocarbon Pollution Remediation Project (Hyprep), which continues its task of cleaning up the hydrocarbon pollution in Ogoniland, albeit with mixed results.Pollution levels are still unacceptably high. Militancy, the sabotaging of pipelines and illegal refining have further damaged the environment, and now, high unemployment and the cost of living crisis have compelled some Ogonis to call for the resumption of oil extraction. While I fully sympathise with their wishes, welcoming back the oil companies would be an insult to my father’s memory and a huge step backwards. The industry, even if properly managed, is not labour intensive and it benefits a relative few. Its continued extraction elsewhere in the delta offers a cautionary tale. Last year, I drove through the Obrikom oil and gas field, about 50 miles (80km) northwest of Ogoniland, where I saw crude petroleum gushing furiously from a broken pipe and into a river. The sight of that blackened water was horrifying. That the pipeline wasn’t fixed for months was even more appalling.Activists from Extinction Rebellion protest outside the Shell Centre on the 25th anniversary of the execution of the Ogoni Nine, 10 November 2020 in London, UK. Photograph: Mark Kerrison/In Pictures/Getty ImagesIronically, I witnessed that leak while on my way to visit a renewable energy project that I was involved with as a consultant. A solar power plant has now been installed in Umuolu, enabling the remote riverine community to rely entirely on clean energy. There are no oil spills and no tensions about who will be employed by the energy company. Residents fish and farm the land, which is how it should be. Why suck on the dirty teat of the petroleum cash cow when we have incredible natural assets? In September, I visited a conservation project, the SW/Niger Delta Forest Project, where Rachel Ashegbofe Ikemeh and her team are doing a sterling job of conserving a slice of the Apoi Creek, a primary rainforest that is home to the last most-significant population of the Niger Delta red colobus monkey, bush pigs, the African pied hornbill, water chevrotains, the mangabey and other species. The forest is a glimpse into our beautiful ecological past and a preview of what could be regained under the right stewardship. Ikemeh’s team have successfully educated the Apoi community about protecting the forest and its wildlife rather than eating it.My father understood that our wealth lies in our ecology and in education, and that we could one day move away from oilIt is an education sorely needed elsewhere in the region. Just a few weeks ago, on an Ogoni Facebook group page, I saw a photo of a live giant leatherback turtle that had been dragged into a village after washing up on shore. I was amazed and excited, yet in the comment section people discussed whether it should be eaten or not. Meanwhile, in places such as Tobago and Costa Rica, tourists pay thousands of dollars to come and see turtles like that. The animal’s appearance on our shores, though rare, proves that wildlife still exists in the Niger delta’s lushly vegetated creeks, rivers and beaches. Accommodating nature and farming is a huge conundrum, of course, but there’s an economy that can be created by leveraging our natural assets. Crucially, it requires moving towards non-polluting, renewable energy that can power our small businesses cleanly and reliably, and boost the economy.My father understood that our wealth lies in our ecology and in education, and that we could one day move away from oil, especially if it enriches everyone else at the Ogonis’ expense. I remember him showing me and my siblings around the garden in our house in Port Harcourt, teaching us about the flowers and the fireflies. Through the Ken Saro-Wiwa Foundation, which will relaunch in the coming months, I hope we can boost education and bring solar energy to Ogoniland and gradually transform it into a place of non-oil entrepreneurship, agriculture and natural beauty that will honour my father’s legacy.Noo Saro-Wiwa is the author of Looking For Transwonderland (Granta) and Black Ghosts: A Journey Into the Lives of Africans In China (Canongate)A Month And A Day: A Detention Diary, by Ken Saro-Wiwa, is published by Ayebia Clarke Publishing

White House Begins Mass Firing of Federal Employees Amid Shutdown War

Russell Vought, the White House budget director, announced that the administration has begun firing federal workers en masse.Vought warned last week that “consequential” layoffs were forthcoming amid the ongoing government shutdown. On Friday, he tweeted, “The RIFs have begun,” referring to “reductions in force.”Vought, as anticipated, is now using the government shutdown to cull the federal workforce, fulfilling Trump’s recent vow to cut “vast numbers of people out,” as well as slash programs that he says Democrats “like.”An unnamed White House official told MSNBC’s Vaughn Hillyard, “We expect thousands of people to unfortunately be laid off due to the government shutdown.” CNN’s Alayna Treene reports that a White House official said that fired workers have begun receiving notices and, “It will be substantial.”Agencies poised to be affected, according to Politico, include the Departments of the Interior, Treasury, Commerce, Education, Energy, Homeland Security, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, and the Environmental Protection Agency.Reacting to Vought’s four-word social media announcement, the American Federation of Government Employees, which represents 820,000 government workers, shot back: “The lawsuit has been filed.” The AFL-CIO told Vought, “America’s unions will see you in court.”This story has been updated.

Russell Vought, the White House budget director, announced that the administration has begun firing federal workers en masse.Vought warned last week that “consequential” layoffs were forthcoming amid the ongoing government shutdown. On Friday, he tweeted, “The RIFs have begun,” referring to “reductions in force.”Vought, as anticipated, is now using the government shutdown to cull the federal workforce, fulfilling Trump’s recent vow to cut “vast numbers of people out,” as well as slash programs that he says Democrats “like.”An unnamed White House official told MSNBC’s Vaughn Hillyard, “We expect thousands of people to unfortunately be laid off due to the government shutdown.” CNN’s Alayna Treene reports that a White House official said that fired workers have begun receiving notices and, “It will be substantial.”Agencies poised to be affected, according to Politico, include the Departments of the Interior, Treasury, Commerce, Education, Energy, Homeland Security, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, and the Environmental Protection Agency.Reacting to Vought’s four-word social media announcement, the American Federation of Government Employees, which represents 820,000 government workers, shot back: “The lawsuit has been filed.” The AFL-CIO told Vought, “America’s unions will see you in court.”This story has been updated.

A.I. Is on the Rise, and So Is the Environmental Impact of the Data Centers That Drive It

The demand for data centers is growing faster than our ability to mitigate their skyrocketing economic and environmental costs

A.I. Is on the Rise, and So Is the Environmental Impact of the Data Centers That Drive It The demand for data centers is growing faster than our ability to mitigate their skyrocketing economic and environmental costs Amber X. Chen - AAAS Mass Media Fellow September 29, 2025 8:00 a.m. Amazon data centers sit next to houses in Loudoun County. Jahi Chikwendiu / The Washington Post via Getty Images Key takeaways: A.I. and data centers As the demand for A.I. increases, companies are building more data centers to handle a growing workload. Many of these data centers are more than 30,000 square feet in size and use a lot of power and water. Gregory Pirio says he never would have moved to his townhome in Northern Virginia’s Loudoun County had he known that the area would soon be at the epicenter of a data center boom. Pirio—who works as the director of the Extractive Industry and Human Development Center at the Institute of World Affairs—moved to the county, just about an hour’s drive outside of Washington, D.C. 14 years ago. Back then, he recalls the place being filled with forested areas and farmland, with the occasional sounds of planes flying in from Dulles. “It was just really beautiful, and now it has this very industrial feel across it,” he says, adding that one can now drive for miles and just see data centers. Data centers are buildings that house the infrastructure needed to run computers, including servers, network equipment and data storage drives. Though they’ve been around since 1945 with the invention of the first general-purpose digital computer, in the past few years there has been an explosion in data center development to match the rapid rise of artificial intelligence. Over the past year, the environmental consequences of A.I.—specifically its most popular generative platforms like ChatGPT—have been under intense scrutiny. Last July, NPR reported that each ChatGPT search uses ten times more electricity than a Google search. In March 2024, Forbes reported that the water consumption associated with a single conversation with ChatGPT was comparable to that of a standard plastic water bottle. The emissions of data centers are only projected to go up, especially as companies look to employ A.I. on users’ behalf. For example, in May, Google announced A.I. overviews, a new user enhancement strategy that uses A.I. to create succinct summaries based on websites associated with a Google search query. Those queries and others like it on different platforms increase the need for additional data centers, which will require more and more energy. What are data centers? Data centers come in a variety of sizes. According to a 2024 report by researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, they can range from smaller centers—integrated into larger buildings for internal use by companies—that are on average less than 150 square feet, to hyperscale centers which are operated off-site by large tech companies to facilitate large-scale internet services. On average, hyperscale data centers are 30,000 square feet, although the largest of these data centers can reach sizes of well over one million square feet. As of 2024, more than half of the world’s hyperscale data centers were owned by tech giants Amazon, Microsoft and Google. Large data centers, particularly hyperscalers, are the data center of choice for companies looking to operate A.I. platforms, due to their high computing power. Clusters of large data centers are strategically chosen based on proximity to clients, electricity costs and available infrastructure. For example, data centers have been running through Northern Virginia since the advent of the internet in the mid-1990s because of the area’s cheap energy, a favorable regulatory system and proximity to Washington. Northern Virginia holds the highest concentration of data centers in the world at over 250 facilities. Across the state, data centers are now near schools, residential neighborhoods and retirement communities. According to Ann Bennett, data center issues chair at the Sierra Club’s Virginia Chapter, new data centers that have been popping up across the area are of an entirely different scale and era. “These are bigger, taller,” Bennett says. “They’re pretty much only building hyperscalers.” How do data centers consume energy? To power the digital world—from day-to-day digital communications, websites and data storage—data centers require energy to power the hundreds of servers within them. With the advent of more hyperscale data centers being built to support A.I., data center energy use has increased. Benjamin Lee, a computer scientist at the University of Pennsylvania, breaks the high energy consumption of A.I. into two categories. First, there is the training that A.I. models undergo, in which tens of thousands of graphics processing units, or GPUs, within a data center must consume large datasets to train the parameters of more powerful A.I. models. Second, once an A.I. model is trained, it performs inference—or the process of responding to user requests based on its training. According to Lee, every word that a user provides to an A.I. model is processed to figure out not only what the word means but the extent to which that word relates to all other words that have been fed into the model. Thus, as more words increase processing time, more energy is consumed. “Fundamentally, A.I. uses energy, and it doesn’t care where that energy is coming from,” Lee says. Data centers mostly get their energy from whatever local grid is available to them. Globally, because most electric grids still rely heavily on fossil fuels, A.I. increases greenhouse gas emissions, says Shaolei Ren, a computer engineer at the University of California, Riverside. Virginia, for example, is part of PJM grid, for which the primary fuel source is natural gas. According to Noman Bashir, a computer engineer at MIT, because data centers are huge power consumers they often disrupt electric grid infrastructure, which can decrease the lifespan of household appliances, for example. In addition, Bashir notes that grid infrastructure must be updated when each new data center comes in—a cost that residents are subsidizing. In a 2025 report, the Dominion Energy found that that residential electric bills are projected to more than double by 2039, primarily due to data center growth. Already, the technology industry has seen a growth in emissions, mostly fueled by data centers. In July, Amazon reported that its emissions rose from 64.38 million metric tons in 2023 to 68.25 million metric tons in 2024—the company’s first emissions increase since 2021, primarily due to data centers and the delivery fleet it uses. Google, too, reported that its 2023 greenhouse gas emissions marked a 48 percent increase since 2019, mostly due to data center development and the production of goods and services for company operations. How else does A.I. impact the environment? Another dimension of A.I.’s environmental footprint is its water consumption. To put it simply, Ren explains that these powerful computers that run A.I. also get extremely hot. So, to keep them from overheating, data centers cool them with power air conditioning systems that are run by water. Water that is heated by computers is moved to massive cooling towers on top of a data center, and then is circulated back in. A data center’s direct water consumption is attributed to the water that evaporates during this process. This water loss is then left to the whims of the water cycle. “You don’t know how long [the water] will take to return or whether it will return to a specific geographic location,” Lee explains. “So where water is scarce, it’s a concern.” In 2023, data centers in the U.S. directly consumed about 66 billion liters of water. Bashir adds that the industry’s environmental impacts can also be seen farther up the supply chain. The GPUs that power A.I. data centers are made with rare earth elements, the extraction of which Bashir notes is resource intensive and can cause environmental degradation. How will data centers affect power consumption in the future? In order to meet A.I.’s hunger for power, companies are looking to expand fossil fuel energy projects: In July, developers of the Mountain Valley Pipeline—a natural gas system that spans about 303 miles across Virginia—announced that they were considering a plan to boost the pipeline’s natural gas capacity by 25 percent. Earlier this year, the Atlanta-based electric utility Southern Company announced that it would backtrack on its previous announcement to retire a majority of its coal-fired power plants, citing growing demand from data centers. And when the grid can’t satisfy their needs, Lee says that data centers are now increasingly developing their own power sources—whether from renewable energy sources like nuclear or fossil fuel-based power plants. Pirio lives about 150 yards away from a data center that is not connected to the local grid. Instead, it’s powered by natural gas turbines with back-up diesel generators. He says that the noise pollution associated with the data center’s gas turbines is a huge problem for him and his neighbors, describing the din as a constant, humming sound. “Many of the neighbors, we got decimal reader apps, and it was off the charts. … They were like 90 decibels near our house,” he says. Pirio explains that he can no longer open the windows of his house on cool evenings because of the noise. He says another neighbor put mattresses against their window to block the noise. Pirio says he and his neighbors have no way of assessing what the emissions coming from the gas turbines are. “There’s just not structure for us to know, and they’re pretty much invisible,” he says. The Environmental Protection Energy notes that the presence of a fossil fuel-based power plant can significantly degrade air quality and emit toxic heavy metals like mercury into the atmosphere, harming local populations’ health. Vantage Data Centers, the company which runs the data center near Pirio, says it has installed Selective Catalytic Reductions (SCRs) which, according to its website, can reduce nitrogen oxide emissions from diesel generators by up to 90 percent. Resident health and quality of life are not the only factors associated with data centers developing their own power sources. Even when data centers produce their own energy, Lee says the grid still provides them with significant backup infrastructure—which as Bashir explains, can still overwhelm the grid, causing it to become more unreliable for residents. How can A.I.’s data centers be made more sustainable? According to Lee, the renewable energy sector is simply not growing fast enough to meet the needs of A.I. While some analyses position data centers to grow at a rate of as much as 33 percent a year, the World Economic Forum says that global renewable energy capacity grew by 15.1 percent in 2024. Bashir and Lee both emphasize that much of the data center growth we are seeing is not being built on actual need, but speculation. According to Bashir, because tech companies are building data centers at such a rapid pace, these new centers will inevitably be powered by gas generators or other forms of fossil fuel, simply because infrastructure for widespread renewable energy does not yet exist. Beyond improving investments into renewable energy, Lee says that working toward algorithmic optimization is another way for A.I.’s data centers to lessen their carbon footprint. In a 2022 article, Lee—in collaboration with researchers at Meta—identified ways in which optimizing A.I. models can also improve sustainability. For example, researchers identified “data scaling”—in which a model is fed more data sets, resulting in a larger carbon footprint—as the current standard method to improve model accuracy. With a more efficient algorithm, energy costs could be significantly reduced. Lee emphasizes that those working toward creating more efficient A.I. must also focus on achieving a lower carbon footprint. Bashir adds that education remains an important tool to cutting back on A.I.’s emissions. “People can be educated on what are the A.I. tools available at their disposal,” he says. “How can they optimize their use? And [we need to tell] them of all the negative impacts of their use, so that they can decide if a particular use is worth this impact.” Get the latest Science stories in your inbox.

The Vatican Knows an ‘Industrial Revolution’ When It Sees One

To update Catholic teaching for the age of AI, Pope Leo should revisit the 19th century.

The pope didn’t take long to explain why he picked the name Leo. Two days after his election, he cited his inspiration: the preceding Pope Leo, who led the Church while the West confronted the social and economic disruptions of the Industrial Revolution. The world now faces “another industrial revolution,” Leo XIV said last month, spurred not by mechanized manufacturing but by artificial intelligence. In particular, he noted the challenges that AI poses to “human dignity, justice, and labor,” three concerns that his 19th-century namesake prioritized as he responded to the technological transformations of his time.In 1891, Leo XIII published Rerum Novarum, a moral and intellectual framework that addressed the growing inequality, materialism, and exploitation ushered in by the Industrial Revolution. The current pope has signaled that AI’s arrival demands a similar intervention; if the earlier Leo’s tenure is any indication, it could be the most ambitious and enduring project of Leo XIV’s papacy. Rerum Novarum will be a guiding influence.Leo XIII insisted in Rerum Novarum that labor is both “personal” and “necessary” for each individual, and that societies should protect the dignity of their workers as they pursue economic growth. Idolizing capital widens inequality, hence the “misery and wretchedness” that many employers inflicted on much of the working class during the Industrial Revolution. The pope stated that socialism was no solution, but that employers must guarantee their workers reasonable hours, just wages, safe workplaces, and the right to unionize.[Randy Boyagoda: The pope’s most revealing choice so far]These statements by the Church gave crucial backing to workers’ movements and civic organizations fighting for labor protections. In Europe, Rerum Novarum consolidated Catholic support for workers and bolstered the political influence of labor unions, many of which adopted Christian principles to advance their cause. Leo XIII’s interventions played a significant role in the United States as well. The pope supported American worker movements such as the Knights of Labor, and inspired Catholic reformers including Monsignor John Ryan, whose advocacy for a universal living wage influenced architects of the New Deal. Leo XIII also commissioned the likes of Saint Frances Cabrini and Saint Katharine Drexel to expand their missionary work, ultimately seeding hospitals, schools, orphanages, and public-housing complexes that addressed injustices faced particularly by immigrants, Black Americans, and Native Americans.Rerum Novarum also had a profound influence on the Catholic Church itself. The document inaugurated what’s now known as modern Catholic social teaching, an expansive intellectual tradition that emphasizes the common good, social justice, human dignity, and concern for the poor.Now Leo XIV has an opportunity to update this tradition for the age of AI. Like his namesake, he could marshal the Church’s intellectual, cultural, and institutional resources, helping build a moral consensus about how to use a new technology that threatens to degrade humanity rather than serve it. Vice President J. D. Vance recently conceded that America is not equipped to provide this kind of leadership, but that the Catholic Church is.Leo has plenty of material to work with. Earlier this year, two administrative bodies within the Vatican produced an advisory document called Antiqua et Nova, which uses the Catholic intellectual tradition to argue that AI cannot engage with the world as a human can. For one thing, no technology has the capacity “to savor what is true, good, and beautiful,” the authors write. Lacking interiority and a conscience, AI cannot authentically grasp meaning, assume moral accountability, or form relationships. As a result, the document contends, developers and users must take responsibility for AI products, ensuring that they don’t exacerbate inequality, impose unsustainable environmental costs, or make decisions in war that could result in the indiscriminate loss of life.[Tyler Austin Harper: What happens when people don’t understand how AI works]Both of us have contributed to initiatives that seek to better understand AI in the context of Catholic social teaching. Mariele is a member of an AI research group within the Vatican that recently published a book, Encountering Artificial Intelligence, that considers the ethical impacts of AI in politics, education, the family, and other spheres of life. In health care, for example, AI can help improve access to certain kinds of assessment and treatment, but it can also perpetuate disparities through biases reflected in data, or disrupt the relationship between patients and health-care professionals. We are both part of a cohort at the University of Southern California investigating the ethical and social implications of transhumanism, especially as it intersects with AI. The group consists mostly of theologians and Catholic bioethicists, but we have found that many scholars working outside the Catholic tradition are eager to engage with the Church’s thinking on these issues. Encouraging such collaboration will be crucial for Leo.As was true of the technology of the Industrial Revolution, AI will become most dangerous when economies prioritize profit and technological development over human flourishing and the dignity of labor. Left unregulated, markets will continually choose efficiency at the expense of workers, risking widespread unemployment and the dehumanization of the kinds of work that manage to survive. If the social order does not put technology at the service of people, markets will put the latter at the service of the former.Although the Church may not have the same influence in the secular 21st century that it did in the 19th, there are signs of a possible Catholic resurgence—particularly among young people—that could help Leo reach a wider audience. Just as it did during the first Industrial Revolution, the Church has a chance to help safeguard work that is dignified, justly paid, and commensurate with human flourishing. The pope’s new name is a hopeful sign that this responsibility won’t go unmet.

Luna: A moon on Earth

MIT students and faculty designed and fabricated a control room for the first lunar landing mission since the Apollo era — an achievement in design and engineering.

On March 6, MIT launched its first lunar landing mission since the Apollo era, sending three payloads — the AstroAnt, the RESOURCE 3D camera, and the HUMANS nanowafer — to the moon’s south polar region. The mission was based out of Luna, a mission control space designed by MIT Department of Architecture students and faculty in collaboration with the MIT Space Exploration Initiative, Inploration, and Simpson Gumpertz and Heger. It is installed in the MIT Media Lab ground-floor gallery and is open to the public as part of Artfinity, MIT’s Festival for the Arts. The installation allows visitors to observe payload operators at work and interact with the software used for the mission, thanks to virtual reality.A central hub for mission operations, the control room is a structural and conceptual achievement, balancing technical challenges with a vision for an immersive experience, and the result of a multidisciplinary approach. “This will be our moon on Earth,” says Mateo Fernandez, a third-year MArch student and 2024 MAD Design Fellow, who designed and fabricated Luna in collaboration with Nebyu Haile, a PhD student in the Building Technology program in the Department of Architecture, and Simon Lesina Debiasi, a research assistant in the SMArchS Computation program and part of the Self-Assembly Lab. “The design was meant for people — for the researchers to be able to see what’s happening at all times, and for the spectators to have a 360 panoramic view of everything that’s going on,” explains Fernandez. “A key vision of the team was to create a control room that broke away from the traditional, closed-off model — one that instead invited the public to observe, ask questions, and engage with the mission,” adds Haile.For this project, students were advised by Skylar Tibbits, founder and co-director of the Self-Assembly Lab, associate professor of design research, and the Morningside Academy for Design (MAD)’s assistant director for education; J. Roc Jih, associate professor of the practice in architectural design; John Ochsendorf, MIT Class of 1942 Professor with appointments in the departments of Architecture and Civil and Environmental Engineering, and founding director of MAD; and Brandon Clifford, associate professor of architecture. The team worked closely with Cody Paige, director of the Space Exploration Initiative at the Media Lab, and her collaborators, emphasizing that they “tried to keep things very minimal, very simple, because at the end of the day,” explains Fernandez, “we wanted to create a design that allows the researchers to shine and the mission to shine.”“This project grew out of the Space Architecture class we co-taught with Cody Paige and astronaut and MIT AeroAstro [Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics] faculty member Jeff Hoffman” in the fall semester, explains Tibbits. “Mateo was part of that studio, and from there, Cody invited us to design the mission control project. We then brought Mateo onboard, Simon, Nebyu, and the rest of the project team.” According to Tibbits, “this project represents MIT’s mind-and-hand ethos. We had designers, architects, artists, computational experts, and engineers working together, reflecting the polymath vision — left brain, right brain, the creative and the technical coming together to make this possible.”Luna was funded and informed by Tibbits and Jih’s Professor Amar G. Bose Research Grant Program. “J. Jih and I had been doing research for the Bose grant around basalt and mono-material construction,” says Tibbits, adding that they “had explored foamed glass materials similar to pumice or foamed basalt, which are also similar to lunar regolith.” “FOAMGLAS is typically used for insulation, but it has diverse applications, including direct ground contact and exterior walls, with strong acoustic and thermal properties,” says Jih. “We helped Mateo understand how the material is used in architecture today, and how it could be applied in this project, aligning with our work on new material palettes and mono-material construction techniques.”Additional funding came from Inploration, a project run by creative director, author, and curator Lawrence Azerrad, as well as expeditionary artist, curator, and analog astronaut artist Richelle Ellis, and Comcast, a Media Lab member company. It was also supported by the MIT Morningside Academy for Design through Fernandez’s Design Fellowship. Additional support came from industry members such as Owens Corning (construction materials), Bose (communications), as well as MIT Media Lab member companies Dell Technologies (operations hardware) and Steelcase (operations seating). A moon on EarthWhile the lunar mission ended prematurely, the team says it achieved success in the design and construction of a control room embodying MIT’s design approach and capacity to explore new technologies while maintaining simplicity. Luna looks like variations of the moon, offering different perspectives of the moon’s round or crescent shape, depending on the viewer’s position.“What’s remarkable is how close the final output is to Mateo’s original sketches and renderings,” Tibbits notes. “That often doesn’t happen — where the final built project aligns so precisely with the initial design intent.”Luna’s entire structure is built from FOAMGLAS, a durable material composed of glass cells usually used for insulation. “FOAMGLAS is an interesting material,” says Lesina Debiasi, who supported fabrication efforts, ensuring a fast and safe process. “It’s relatively durable and light, but can easily be crumbled with a sharp edge or blade, requiring every step of the fabrication process — cutting, texturing, sealing — to be carefully controlled.”Fernandez, whose design experience was influenced by the idea that “simple moves” are most powerful, explains: “We’re giving a second life to materials that are not thought of for building construction … and I think that’s an effective idea. Here, you don’t need wood, concrete, rebar — you can build with one material only.” While the interior of the dome-shaped construction is smooth, the exterior was hand textured to evoke the basalt-like surface of the moon.The lightweight cellular glass produced by Owens Corning, which sponsored part of the material, comes as an unexpected choice for a compression structure — a type of architectural design where stability is achieved through the natural force of compression, usually implying heavy materials. The control room doesn’t use connections or additional supports, and depends upon the precise placement, size, and weight of individual blocks to create a stable form from a succession of arches.“Traditional compression structures rely on their own weight for stability, but using a material that is more than 10 times lighter than masonry meant we had to rethink everything. It was about finding the perfect balance between design vision and structural integrity,” reflects Haile, who was responsible for the structural calculations for the dome and its support.Compression relies on gravity, and wouldn’t be a viable construction method on the moon itself. “We’re building using physics, loads, structures, and equilibrium to create this thing that looks like the moon, but depends on Earth’s forces to be built. I think people don’t see that at first, but there’s something cheeky and ironic about it,” confides Fernandez, acknowledging that the project merges historical building methods with contemporary design.The location and purpose of Luna — both a work space and an installation engaging the public — implied balancing privacy and transparency to achieve functionality. “One of the most important design elements that reflected this vision was the openness of the dome,” says Haile. “We worked closely from the start to find the right balance — adjusting the angle and size of the opening to make the space feel welcoming, while still offering some privacy to those working inside.”The power of collaborationWith the FOAMGLAS material, the team had to invent a fabrication process that would achieve the initial vision while maintaining structural integrity. Sourcing a material with radically different properties compared to conventional construction implied collaborating closely on the engineering front, the lightweight nature of the cellular glass requiring creative problem-solving: “What appears perfect in digital models doesn’t always translate seamlessly into the real world,” says Haile. “The slope, curves, and overall geometry directly determine whether the dome will stand, requiring Mateo and me to work in sync from the very beginning through the end of construction.” While the engineering was primarily led by Haile and Ochsendorf, the structural design was officially reviewed and approved by Paul Kassabian at Simpson Gumpertz and Heger (SGH), ensuring compliance with engineering standards and building codes.“None of us had worked with FOAMGLAS before, and we needed to figure out how best to cut, texture, and seal it,” says Lesina Debiasi. “Since each row consists of a distinct block shape and specific angles, ensuring accuracy and repeatability across all the blocks became a major challenge. Since we had to cut each individual block four times before we were able to groove and texture the surface, creating a safe production process and mitigating the distribution of dust was critical,” he explains. “Working inside a tent, wearing personal protective equipment like masks, visors, suits, and gloves made it possible to work for an extended period with this material.”In addition, manufacturing introduced small margins of error threatening the structural integrity of the dome, prompting hands-on experimentation. “The control room is built from 12 arches,” explains Fernandez. “When one of the arches closes, it becomes stable, and you can move on to the next one … Going from side to side, you meet at the middle and close the arch using a special block — a keystone, which was cut to measure,” he says. “In conversations with our advisors, we decided to account for irregularities in the final keystone of each row. Once this custom keystone sat in place, the forces would stabilize the arch and make it secure,” adds Lesina Debiasi.“This project exemplified the best practices of engineers and architects working closely together from design inception to completion — something that was historically common but is less typical today,” says Haile. “This collaboration was not just necessary — it ultimately improved the final result.”Fernandez, who is supported this year by the MAD Design Fellowship, expressed how “the fellowship gave [him] the freedom to explore [his] passions and also keep [his] agency.”“In a way, this project embodies what design education at MIT should be,” Tibbits reflects. “We’re building at full scale, with real-world constraints, experimenting at the limits of what we know — design, computation, engineering, and science. It’s hands-on, highly experimental, and deeply collaborative, which is exactly what we dream of for MAD, and MIT’s design education more broadly.”“Luna, our physical lunar mission control, highlights the incredible collaboration across the Media Lab, Architecture, and the School of Engineering to bring our lunar mission to the world. We are democratizing access to space for all,” says Dava Newman, Media Lab director and Apollo Professor of Astronautics.A full list of contributors and supporters can be found at the Morningside Academy of Design's website.

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