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View 16 Breathtaking Images From The Nature Conservancy's Annual Photo Contest

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Thursday, October 6, 2022

The winning shots feature everything from glowing mushrooms to sauntering lions

The winning shots feature everything from glowing mushrooms to sauntering lions

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Australia must lead the world on nature restoration through ambitious interpretation of international law

Australia committed to restore 30% of degraded ecosystems by 2030 when we signed the global biodiversity framework. But what does that really mean? It’s open to interpretation. So let’s be ambitious.

Sundry Photography, ShutterstockAustralia has a once-in-a-generation opportunity to halt and reverse biodiversity loss through ambitious law and policy reform. The federal government is currently rewriting our national environmental laws and updating the overarching Strategy for Nature. The updated strategy will include, among other things, goals for the restoration of degraded areas. Part of the impetus for this reform is the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. This 2022 United Nations treaty was signed by almost 200 countries committing to address the biodiversity crisis. It includes a pledge to achieve 30% of degraded land, water, coastal and marine ecosystems “under effective restoration” by 2030. But as we argue in our new correspondence in Nature Ecology and Evolution, this restoration target is wide open to interpretation at the domestic level. Some responses could be very ambitious, while others would barely shift us from the status quo. Australia has an opportunity to lead here. We can show the world how to restore land and water for the benefit of all. The United Nations Biodiversity Conference (COP15) ended in Montreal, Canada, on December 19, 2022 with a landmark agreement to guide global action on nature through to 2030. Read more: 5 things we need to see in Australia's new nature laws Interpreting the 30% restoration target The global framework contains 23 targets, to be “initiated immediately and completed by 2030”. The restoration target obliges countries to: Ensure that by 2030 at least 30% of areas of degraded terrestrial, inland water, and marine and coastal ecosystems are under effective restoration, in order to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, ecological integrity and connectivity. At first glance, this 30% restoration target sounds like a huge and important step towards reversing biodiversity loss. But the devil is in the detail, and almost every word of this target is open to interpretation. For example, the term “degraded” can be interpreted in various ways. A country may interpret it to include only areas that have seen a drastic decline in biodiversity, such as those that have been totally cleared. But if a country interprets it more broadly as areas that have experienced any decline in biodiversity, this translates to a much larger area for restoration. The wording also refers to 30% of areas of “degraded terrestrial, inland water, and marine and coastal ecosystems”. Crucially, it does not say effort must be spread evenly across these different ecosystems. This may lead countries to focus on areas where restoration is easier or cheaper. Given the complexities involved in marine and coastal restoration, there is a risk countries may focus their efforts on land while continuing to neglect freshwater, marine or coastal ecosystems. The phrase “under effective restoration” also has a range of possible meanings. Does “effective” simply mean in a better state than it was before restoration began? Or does it mean bringing the ecosystem back to an approximation of its natural state – prior to interference from development or other harm? How the term “effective” restoration is defined at a national scale will drastically influence reports of “success” and make it difficult to compare results between countries. The United Nations is honouring the planet’s most ambitious, successful, and inspiring examples of large-scale ecosystem restoration. Scaling up Australia has signed the framework and is currently considering how to implement it domestically. If Australia does decide to interpret the restoration target broadly and commit to restoring larger areas of land and water through more ambitious standards, there will be other issues to contend with. For example, one study identified a lack of funding and complex legal requirements as barriers to upscaling restoration in marine and coastal areas. In particular, having to apply for numerous government permits for restoration can slow progress and lead people to scale back their plans. To meet the 30% target, the government will need to reconsider how to fund restoration and streamline legal processes. Remember, much of the heavy lifting is currently done by non-government organisations such as The Nature Conservancy, Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Bush Heritage Australia and Trust for Nature. Read more: The new major players in conservation? NGOs thrive while national parks struggle Leading by example Ultimately, we argue countries should have discretion over how and where to implement restoration based on their individual circumstances. But we also think the global framework could be supplemented by standardised terminology and metrics to allow genuine comparison of countries’ progress towards the global targets. Closer to home, our analysis has some important lessons for Australia as the federal government contemplates the fate of our national environmental laws and biodiversity strategy. Australia’s most recent State of the Environment Report painted a bleak picture of biodiversity decline, highlighting an urgent need to upscale restoration of our land and water. Australia has an opportunity to take a leading role in this area and reverse our legacy of biodiversity loss. Interpreting the 30% restoration target broadly and ambitiously would set us on a path towards achieving meaningful outcomes for biodiversity and make Australia a world leader in restoration. Read more: We've committed to protect 30% of Australia's land by 2030. Here's how we could actually do it Justine Bell-James receives funding from the Australian Research Council and the National Environmental Science Program. She is a Director of the National Environmental Law Association.

Noise Fuels Quantum Leap, Boosting Qubit Performance by 700%

Scientists around the world work hard to rinse quantum systems for noise, which may disturb the function of tomorrow’s powerful quantum computers. Researchers from the...

The biggest challenge in the development of the quantum computer consists of the magnetic and electrical noise that disturbs the quantum effect, and therefore the processor QPU (Quantum Processing Unit) is cooled down to the lowest possible temperature just above the absolute zero point of -273 degrees. This happens in the cryostat, which can be seen in the picture. The processor is located at the bottom of the cryostat. Credit: Ola J. Joensen, NBIScientists around the world work hard to rinse quantum systems for noise, which may disturb the function of tomorrow’s powerful quantum computers. Researchers from the Niels Bohr Institute (NBI) have found a way to use noise to process quantum information. This raises the performance of the quantum computing unit, the qubit.An international collaboration led by scientists at the Niels Bohr Institute (NBI), University of Copenhagen, has demonstrated an alternative approach. Their method allows to use noise to process quantum information. As a result, the performance of the fundamental quantum computing unit of information, the qubit, is increased by 700 percent.The results were published recently in the journal Nature Communications. “Avoiding noise in quantum systems has proven difficult, since almost any change in the environment can spoil things. For instance, your system may be operating at a given magnetic or electric field, and if that field changes just slightly the quantum effects fall apart. We suggest a completely different approach. Instead of getting rid of noise, we use continuous real-time noise surveillance and adapt the system as changes in the environment happen,” says Ph.D. Researcher at NBI Fabrizio Berritta, lead author on the study.The new approach is possible thanks to recent developments in several high-tech fields.“Previously, say twenty years ago, it would have been possible to visualize the fluctuations after the experiment, but it would have been too slow to utilize this information during the actual experiment. We use FPGA (field-programmable-gate-array, ed.) technology to get the measurements in real-time. And further, we use machine learning to speed up the analysis,” explains Fabrizio Berritta, continuing:“The whole idea is to get the measurements and do the analysis in the same microprocessor that adjusts the system in real-time. Else, the scheme would not be fast enough for quantum computing applications.”A qubit is the advanced quantum computing equivalent to a bit. The project’s qubit consists of two electrons trapped in a crystal. The spin of the electrons (here one has downward spin, the other upward) can be controlled by changing the magnetic field gradient ΔBz. However, both magnetic and electrical noise affect this gradient. A FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) microprocessor continuously measures the level of noise and adjusts to changes in real-time. Credit: Fabrizio BerrittaQuantum Properties Add ValueIn present computing, the basic unit of transferable information, known as the bit, is tied to the charge of electrons. It can have only one of two values, one or zero – either there are electrons or there are not. The corresponding quantum computing unit – known as the qubit – will be able to assume more than two values. The amount of information contained per qubit will increase exponentially with the number of quantum properties one is able to control, perhaps resulting in computers that are mind-blowingly more powerful than conventional computers one day.One cornerstone of quantum mechanics is for the elementary particles to not just have a mass and a charge but also a spin. Another key term is entanglement. Here, two or more particles interact in such a way that the quantum state of a single particle cannot be described independently of the state of the other(s).The protocol behind the new findings integrates a singlet-triplet spin qubit implemented in a gallium arsenide double quantum dot with FPGA-powered qubit controllers. The qubit involves two electrons, with the states of both electrons entangled.Prof. Ferdinand Kuemmeth has been the supervisor of Fabrizio Beritta during his PhD project at the Center for Quantum Devices at the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen. Credit: Fabrizio BerrittaInterdisciplinary Team EffortJust like other spin qubits, the singlet-triplet qubit is vulnerable to even small disturbances in their environment. The physicists use the term “noise”, which should not be taken literally as acoustic noise. In relation to quantum systems,  disturbances like electric or magnetic field fluctuations can spoil the quantum state(s) of interest.To demonstrate the beneficial use of environmental fluctuations, the researchers chose this qubit because its coupling to both magnetic noise and electric noise is well understood from a series of earlier studies at NBI, led by Professor Ferdinand Kuemmeth, heading a research group on semiconducting and superconducting quantum devices at NBI.Funded by the EU, the new study brought together research groups at NBI, Purdue University, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, companies QDevil (Copenhagen), and Quantum Machines (Tel Aviv) across a range of fields such as qubit materials, qubit fabrication, qubit control hardware, quantum information theory, and machine learning.“This collaboration illustrates that the development of quantum computers is no longer an activity that can be driven by individual physics groups. Take away any one of our partners, and this work would not have been possible,” says Ferdinand Kuemmeth.A Better Approach to NoiseThe researchers see the new protocol as a milestone towards the development of quantum computers, but also realize that many other milestones must be achieved.“The next step for us will be to apply our protocol to systems of different materials and with more than one qubit,” says Fabrizio Berritta, concluding:“I cannot say when we will see the first truly useful quantum computer. Maybe ten years from now. In any case, we believe to have come up with a promising approach. Many colleagues focus on getting rid of noise to develop better qubits, for instance by improving the quality of the materials used to fabricate the qubits. We have demonstrated that under certain conditions one can actively adjust for some of the noise. This could be relevant for other types of qubits besides the type in our study.”Reference: “Real-time two-axis control of a spin qubit” by Fabrizio Berritta, Torbjørn Rasmussen, Jan A. Krzywda, Joost van der Heijden, Federico Fedele, Saeed Fallahi, Geoffrey C. Gardner, Michael J. Manfra, Evert van Nieuwenburg, Jeroen Danon, Anasua Chatterjee and Ferdinand Kuemmeth, 23 February 2024, Nature Communications.DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45857-0

Columbia Engineers Develop Light-Controlled Molecular Devices

In a recent study published in Nature Communications, researchers from Columbia Engineering have announced the creation of highly conductive, tunable single-molecule devices in which the...

Leveraging light to control electronic properties, Columbia Engineering’s new single-molecule devices with direct metal-metal contacts mark a significant advancement in molecular electronics, promising enhanced miniaturization and efficiency in electronic components. Credit: Venkatraman labIn a recent study published in Nature Communications, researchers from Columbia Engineering have announced the creation of highly conductive, tunable single-molecule devices in which the molecule is attached to leads by using direct metal-metal contacts. Their novel approach uses light to control the electronic properties of the devices and opens the door to broader use of metal-metal contacts that could facilitate electron transport across the single-molecule device.The challengeAs devices continue to shrink, their electronic components must also be miniaturized. Single-molecule devices, which use organic molecules as their conductive channels, have the potential to resolve the miniaturization and functionalization challenges faced by traditional semiconductors. Such devices offer the exciting possibility of being controlled externally by using light, but — until now – researchers have not been able to demonstrate this.“With this work, we’ve unlocked a new dimension in molecular electronics, where light can be used to control how a molecule binds within the gap between two metal electrodes,” said Latha Venkataraman, a pioneer in molecular electronics and Lawrence Gussman Professor of Applied Physics and professor of chemistry at Columbia Engineering. “It’s like flipping a switch at the nanoscale, opening up all kinds of possibilities for designing smarter and more efficient electronic components.” The approachVenkataraman’s group has been studying the fundamental properties of single-molecule devices for almost two decades, exploring the interplay of physics, chemistry, and engineering at the nanometer scale. Her underlying focus is on building single-molecule circuits, a molecule attached to two electrodes, with varied functionality, where the circuit structure is defined with atomic precision.Her group, as well as those creating functional devices with graphene, a carbon-based two-dimensional material, have known that making good electrical contacts between metal electrodes and carbon systems is a major challenge. One solution would be to use organo-metallic molecules and devise methods to interface electrical leads to the metal atoms within the molecule. Towards this goal, they decided to explore the use of organo-metallic iron-containing ferrocene molecules, which are also considered to be tiny building blocks in the world of nanotechnology. Just like LEGO pieces can be stacked together to create complex structures, ferrocene molecules can be used as building blocks to construct ultra-small electronic devices. The team used a molecule terminated by a ferrocene group comprising two carbon-based cyclopentadienyl rings that sandwich an iron atom. They then used light to leverage the electrochemical properties of the ferrocene-based molecules to form a direct bond between the ferrocene iron center and the gold (Au) electrode when the molecule was in an oxidized state (i.e. when the iron atom had lost one electron). In this state, they discovered that ferrocene could bind to the gold electrodes used to connect the molecule to the external circuitry. Technically, oxidizing the ferrocene enabled the binding of a Au0 to an Fe3+ center.“By harnessing the light-induced oxidation, we found a way to manipulate these tiny building blocks at room temperature, opening doors to a future where light can be used to control the behavior of electronic devices at the molecular level,” said the study’s lead author Woojung Lee, who is a Ph.D. student in Venkararaman’s lab.Potential impactVenkataraman’s new approach will enable her team to extend the types of molecular terminations (contact) chemistries they can use for creating single-molecule devices. This study also shows the ability to turn on and off this contact by using light to change the oxidation state of the ferrocene, demonstrating a light-switchable ferrocene-based single-molecule device. The light-controlled devices could pave the way for the development of sensors and switches that respond to specific light wavelengths, offering more versatile and efficient components for a wide range of technologies.The teamThis work was a collaborative effort involving synthesis, measurements, and calculations. The synthesis was done primarily at Columbia by Michael Inkpen, who was a post-doc in the Venkataraman group and is now an assistant professor at the University of Southern California. All the measurements were made by Woojung Lee, a graduate student in the Venkataraman group. The calculations were performed both by graduate students in the Venkataraman group and by collaborators from the University of Regensburg in Germany.What’s nextThe researchers are now exploring the practical applications of light-controlled single-molecule devices. This could include optimizing device performance, studying their behavior under different environmental conditions, and refining additional functionalities enabled by the metal-metal interface.Reference: “Photooxidation driven formation of Fe-Au linked ferrocene-based single-molecule junctions” by Woojung Lee, Liang Li, María Camarasa-Gómez, Daniel Hernangómez-Pérez, Xavier Roy, Ferdinand Evers, Michael S. Inkpen and Latha Venkataraman, 16 February 2024, Nature Communications.DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45707-z

Peeling Back Time With 5,000 Ancient Human Genomes

Four research articles in Nature follow the genetic traces and geographical origins of human diseases far back in time. The analyses provide detailed pictures of...

The Porsmose Man from the Neolithic Period, found in 1947 in Porsmose, Denmark. Credit: The Danish National MuseumFour research articles in Nature follow the genetic traces and geographical origins of human diseases far back in time. The analyses provide detailed pictures of prehistoric human diversity and migration, while proposing an explanation for a rise in the genetic risk for multiple sclerosis (MS).By analyzing data from the world’s largest data set to date on 5,000 ancient human genomes from Europe and Western Asia (Eurasia), new research has uncovered the prehistoric human gene pools of western Eurasia in unprecedented detail.The results are presented in four articles published in the same issue of Nature by an international team of researchers led by experts from the University of Copenhagen and contributions from around 175 researchers from universities and museums in the UK, the US, Germany, Australia, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, France, Poland, Switzerland, Armenia, Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, and Italy. The many researchers represent a wide range of scientific disciplines, including archaeology, evolutionary biology, medicine, ancient DNA research, infectious disease research, and epidemiology. The research discoveries presented in the Nature articles are based on analyses of a subset of the 5,000 genomes and include:The vast genetic implications of a culturally determined barrier, which until around 4,000 years ago extended up through Europe from the Black Sea in the south to the Baltic Sea in the north.Mapping of how risk genes for several diseases, including type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease, were dispersed in Eurasia in the wake of large migration events over 5,000 years ago.New scientific evidence of ancient migrations explaining why the prevalence of multiple sclerosis is twice as high in Scandinavia than in Southern Europe.Mapping of two almost complete population turnovers in Denmark, within a single millennium.The 5,000 Ancient Human Genomes ProjectThe unprecedented data set of 5,000 ancient human genomes was reconstructed by means of analysis of bones and teeth made available through a scientific partnership with museums and universities across Europe and western Asia. The sequencing effort was achieved using the power of Illumina technology.The age of specimens ranges from the Mesolithic and Neolithic through the Bronze Age, Iron Age and Viking period into the Middle Ages. The oldest genome in the data set is from an individual who lived approximately 34,000 years ago.“The original aim of the ancient human genomes project was to reconstruct 1,000 ancient human genomes from Eurasia as a novel precision tool for research in brain disorders,” say the three University of Copenhagen professors, who in 2018 came up with the idea for the DNA data set, and originally outlined the project concept:Eske Willerslev, an expert in analysis of ancient DNA, jointly at the University of Cambridge, and the director of the project; Thomas Werge, an expert in genetic factors underlying mental disorders, and head of the Institute of Biological Psychiatry serving Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark; and Rasmus Nielsen, expert in statistical and computational analyses of ancient DNA, jointly at University of California, Berkeley, in the USA.The objective was to produce a unique ancient genomic data set for studying the traces and genetic evolutionary history of brain disorders as far back in time as possible to gain new medical and biological understanding of these disorders. This was to be accomplished by comparing information from the ancient DNA profiles with data from several other scientific disciplines.Among the brain disorders the three professors originally identified as candidates for this investigation were neurological conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis, together with mental disorders such as ADHD and schizophrenia.In 2018, the three professors then approached the Lundbeck Foundation – a major Danish research foundation – for funding to compile the special DNA data set. They were awarded a five-year research grant totaling DKK 60 million (app. EUR 8m) for the project, which was to be coordinated at the University of Copenhagen via a newly established center, subsequently named the Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre.“The rationale for awarding such a large research grant to this project, as the Lundbeck Foundation did back in 2018, was that if it all worked out, it would represent a trail-blazing means of gaining a deeper understanding of how the genetic architecture underlying brain disorders evolved over time. And brain disorders are our specific focus area,” says Jan Egebjerg, Director of Research, Lundbeck Foundation. The Lundbeck Foundation is also supporting iPYSCH consortium, one of the largest studies globally of genetic and environmental causes of mental disorders such as autism, ADHD, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression, where the focus is also on making genetic risk profiles for these disorders as precise as possible.The results reported in Nature, were substantiated by comparing the ancient genomic data set with de-identified genetic data from the large Danish iPYSCH consortium and DNA profiles from 400,000 present-day individuals registered in UK Biobank.Many ChallengesThe premise for the project was experimental, recounts Professor Werge: “We wanted to collect ancient human specimens to see what we could get out of them, like trying to understand some of the environmental background to how diseases and disorders evolved. As I see it, the fact that the project took on such vast, complex proportions that Nature wanted it described in four articles is quite unique.”Professor Willerslev comments that compiling the DNA data set posed major logistical challenges: “We needed access to archaeological specimens of human teeth and bones that we knew were scattered around in museums and other institutions in the Eurasian region, and that called for many collaboration agreements. But once they were in place, things really took off – the data set was booming, and it now exceeds 5,000 ancient human genomes. The size of the data set has tremendously enhanced both the usability and precision of the results.Professor Nielsen was responsible for planning the statistical and bioinformatics analyses of the information gleaned from the ancient teeth and bones in laboratories at the University of Copenhagen. And he was dealing with an overwhelming volume of data, in which the DNA was often severely degraded.“No one had previously analyzed so many ancient genomes. Now we had to find out how to handle such vast data volumes. The problem was that the raw data is very difficult to work with because you end up with many short DNA sequences with many errors, and then those sequences have to be correctly mapped to the right position in the human genome. Plus, there is the issue of contamination from all the microorganisms present on the ancient teeth and bones. Imagine having a jigsaw puzzle consisting of millions of pieces mixed up with four other incomplete puzzle sets, and then running all that in the dishwasher for an hour. Piecing it all together afterwards is no easy task. One of the keys to our success in the end was that we teamed up with Dr. Olivier Delanau from the University of Lausanne who developed algorithms to overcome that very problem,” says Professor Nielsen.International InterestRumors that a large ancient human genome data set was being compiled were soon circulating in scientific circles. And since 2022 interest has been running very high, say Professors Werge, Willerslev, and Nielsen:“We are constantly taking inquiries from researchers all over the globe – especially those investigating diseases – who typically request access to explore the ancient DNA data set.”The four Nature articles demonstrate that the large 5,000 genomes data set serves as a precision tool capable of providing new insights into diseases when combined with analyses of present-day human DNA data and inputs from several other research fields. That in itself is immensely amazing, according to Professor Willerslev:“There’s no doubt that an ancient genomic data set of this size will have applications in many different contexts within disease research. As new scientific discoveries derived from the 5,000-genome data set become published, more data will gradually be made freely available to all researchers. Ultimately, the complete data set will be open access for everyone.”References:“Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia” by Morten E. Allentoft, Martin Sikora, Alba Refoyo-Martínez, Evan K. Irving-Pease, Anders Fischer, William Barrie, Andrés Ingason, Jesper Stenderup, Karl-Göran Sjögren, Alice Pearson, Bárbara Sousa da Mota, Bettina Schulz Paulsson, Alma Halgren, Ruairidh Macleod, Marie Louise Schjellerup Jørkov, Fabrice Demeter, Lasse Sørensen, Poul Otto Nielsen, Rasmus A. Henriksen, Tharsika Vimala, Hugh McColl, Ashot Margaryan, Melissa Ilardo, Andrew Vaughn, Morten Fischer Mortensen, Anne Birgitte Nielsen, Mikkel Ulfeldt Hede, Niels Nørkjær Johannsen, Peter Rasmussen, Lasse Vinner, Gabriel Renaud, Aaron Stern, Theis Zetner Trolle Jensen, Gabriele Scorrano, Hannes Schroeder, Per Lysdahl, Abigail Daisy Ramsøe, Andrei Skorobogatov, Andrew Joseph Schork, Anders Rosengren, Anthony Ruter, Alan Outram, Aleksey A. Timoshenko, Alexandra Buzhilova, Alfredo Coppa, Alisa Zubova, Ana Maria Silva, Anders J. Hansen, Andrey Gromov, Andrey Logvin, Anne Birgitte Gotfredsen, Bjarne Henning Nielsen, Borja González-Rabanal, Carles Lalueza-Fox, Catriona J. McKenzie, Charleen Gaunitz, Concepción Blasco, Corina Liesau, Cristina Martinez-Labarga, Dmitri V. Pozdnyakov, David Cuenca-Solana, David O. Lordkipanidze, Dmitri En’shin, Domingo C. Salazar-García, T. Douglas Price, Dušan Borić, Elena Kostyleva, Elizaveta V. Veselovskaya, Emma R. Usmanova, Enrico Cappellini, Erik Brinch Petersen, Esben Kannegaard, Francesca Radina, Fulya Eylem Yediay, Henri Duday, Igor Gutiérrez-Zugasti, Ilya Merts, Inna Potekhina, Irina Shevnina, Isin Altinkaya, Jean Guilaine, Jesper Hansen, Joan Emili Aura Tortosa, João Zilhão, Jorge Vega, Kristoffer Buck Pedersen, Krzysztof Tunia, Lei Zhao, Liudmila N. Mylnikova, Lars Larsson, Laure Metz, Levon Yepiskoposyan, Lisbeth Pedersen, Lucia Sarti, Ludovic Orlando, Ludovic Slimak, Lutz Klassen, Malou Blank, Manuel González-Morales, Mara Silvestrini, Maria Vretemark, Marina S. Nesterova, Marina Rykun, Mario Federico Rolfo, Marzena Szmyt, Marcin Przybyła, Mauro Calattini, Mikhail Sablin, Miluše Dobisíková, Morten Meldgaard, Morten Johansen, Natalia Berezina, Nick Card, Nikolai A. Saveliev, Olga Poshekhonova, Olga Rickards, Olga V. Lozovskaya, Olivér Gábor, Otto Christian Uldum, Paola Aurino, Pavel Kosintsev, Patrice Courtaud, Patricia Ríos, Peder Mortensen, Per Lotz, Per Persson, Pernille Bangsgaard, Peter de Barros Damgaard, Peter Vang Petersen, Pilar Prieto Martinez, Piotr Włodarczak, Roman V. Smolyaninov, Rikke Maring, Roberto Menduiña, Ruben Badalyan, Rune Iversen, Ruslan Turin, Sergey Vasilyev, Sidsel Wåhlin, Svetlana Borutskaya, Svetlana Skochina, Søren Anker Sørensen, Søren H. Andersen, Thomas Jørgensen, Yuri B. Serikov, Vyacheslav I. Molodin, Vaclav Smrcka, Victor Merts, Vivek Appadurai, Vyacheslav Moiseyev, Yvonne Magnusson, Kurt H. Kjær, Niels Lynnerup, Daniel J. Lawson, Peter H. Sudmant, Simon Rasmussen, Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen, Richard Durbin, Rasmus Nielsen, Olivier Delaneau, Thomas Werge, Fernando Racimo, Kristian Kristiansen and Eske Willerslev, 10 January 2024, Nature.DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0“The selection landscape and genetic legacy of ancient Eurasians” by Evan K. Irving-Pease, Alba Refoyo-Martínez, William Barrie, Andrés Ingason, Alice Pearson, Anders Fischer, Karl-Göran Sjögren, Alma S. Halgren, Ruairidh Macleod, Fabrice Demeter, Rasmus A. Henriksen, Tharsika Vimala, Hugh McColl, Andrew H. Vaughn, Leo Speidel, Aaron J. Stern, Gabriele Scorrano, Abigail Ramsøe, Andrew J. Schork, Anders Rosengren, Lei Zhao, Kristian Kristiansen, Astrid K. N. Iversen, Lars Fugger, Peter H. Sudmant, Daniel J. Lawson, Richard Durbin, Thorfinn Korneliussen, Thomas Werge, Morten E. Allentoft, Martin Sikora, Rasmus Nielsen, Fernando Racimo and Eske Willerslev, 10 January 2024, Nature.DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06705-1“Elevated genetic risk for multiple sclerosis emerged in steppe pastoralist populations” by William Barrie, Yaoling Yang, Evan K. Irving-Pease, Kathrine E. Attfield, Gabriele Scorrano, Lise Torp Jensen, Angelos P. Armen, Evangelos Antonios Dimopoulos, Aaron Stern, Alba Refoyo-Martinez, Alice Pearson, Abigail Ramsøe, Charleen Gaunitz, Fabrice Demeter, Marie Louise S. Jørkov, Stig Bermann Møller, Bente Springborg, Lutz Klassen, Inger Marie Hyldgård, Niels Wickmann, Lasse Vinner, Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen, Morten E. Allentoft, Martin Sikora, Kristian Kristiansen, Santiago Rodriguez, Rasmus Nielsen, Astrid K. N. Iversen, Daniel J. Lawson, Lars Fugger and Eske Willerslev, 10 January 2024, Nature.DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06618-z“100 ancient genomes show repeated population turnovers in Neolithic Denmark” by Morten E. Allentoft, Martin Sikora, Anders Fischer, Karl-Göran Sjögren, Andrés Ingason, Ruairidh Macleod, Anders Rosengren, Bettina Schulz Paulsson, Marie Louise Schjellerup Jørkov, Maria Novosolov, Jesper Stenderup, T. Douglas Price, Morten Fischer Mortensen, Anne Birgitte Nielsen, Mikkel Ulfeldt Hede, Lasse Sørensen, Poul Otto Nielsen, Peter Rasmussen, Theis Zetner Trolle Jensen, Alba Refoyo-Martínez, Evan K. Irving-Pease, William Barrie, Alice Pearson, Bárbara Sousa da Mota, Fabrice Demeter, Rasmus A. Henriksen, Tharsika Vimala, Hugh McColl, Andrew Vaughn, Lasse Vinner, Gabriel Renaud, Aaron Stern, Niels Nørkjær Johannsen, Abigail Daisy Ramsøe, Andrew Joseph Schork, Anthony Ruter, Anne Birgitte Gotfredsen, Bjarne Henning Nielsen, Erik Brinch Petersen, Esben Kannegaard, Jesper Hansen, Kristoffer Buck Pedersen, Lisbeth Pedersen, Lutz Klassen, Morten Meldgaard, Morten Johansen, Otto Christian Uldum, Per Lotz, Per Lysdahl, Pernille Bangsgaard, Peter Vang Petersen, Rikke Maring, Rune Iversen, Sidsel Wåhlin, Søren Anker Sørensen, Søren H. Andersen, Thomas Jørgensen, Niels Lynnerup, Daniel J. Lawson, Simon Rasmussen, Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen, Kurt H. Kjær, Richard Durbin, Rasmus Nielsen, Olivier Delaneau, Thomas Werge, Kristian Kristiansen and Eske Willerslev, 10 January 2024, Nature.DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06862-3

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